Section 2. “Diffusion” and “The selective addition of culture traits”.
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 439.
Page 75 – 78
Words:
to accumulate
to modify
to transmit
to derive (from)
to domesticate
to borrow
to confront
to remove
to proceed = to continue to happen
to tie
to absorb
to consume
to determine
to embrace = to include/cover
to incorporate
to discard
to integrate
to select
to share
to perceive
to promote
to secure
to acquire
to award
to require
to reflect
forerunner
incompatible
characters
Phrases:
to occupy a dominant place
to elaborate distinctive ways of life
in contrast to
to build smth. on a pattern
to cut to a pattern
to operate on a substantial scale
to be in contact with one another
to provide an illustration
to glance through the window
to expand the culture base
to accumulate culture
to tend to grow selectively
to grow randomly
to reflect the fact (that)
to encrease exponentially
to espouse an ideology
large-scale diffusion of traits
with the passage of time
substantial borrowings
borrowed elements
a garment = a piece of clothing/a dress
at random
communal living
equal sharing
is anything but new
this is not to say
basic values (of American society)
Commentaries and notes:
1. Sumer[su:mә] – the Southern part of Mesopotamia where one of the world's older civilization lived. Øóìåð.
2. Croatians [krou΄ei∫ienz] – õîðâàòû.
3. Masochism– psychosexual disorder in which erotic release is achieved through having pain inflicted on oneself. The term derives from the name of Chevalier Leopold von Sacher – Masoch, an Austrian who wrote extensively about the satisfaction he gained by being beaten and subjugated. Generally Masochist retains some control over the situation and will end the abusive behaviour before becoming seriously injured.
4. the Antilles – Àíòèëüñêèå îñòðîâà.
5. a Hebrew deity – äðåâíå-åâðåéñêîå áîæåñòâî.
6. Asia Minor– the historic name for part of West Asia between the Black Sea on the North, the Mediterranian Sea on the South and the Aegean Sea on the West, and which now forms most of Turky. Ìàëàÿ Àçèÿ.
7. overshoes – êàëîøè, áîòèêè.
8. a vestigial survival– çä. åäâà çàìåòíûé ñëåä, íàìåê íà.
9. cantaloupe – êàíòàëóïà, ðåáðèñòàÿ äûíÿ; syn. water melon.
10. Insted, ...– â íà÷àëå èëè â ñåðåäèíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, óïîòðåáëåííîå êàê ââîäíîå ñëîâî, âûäåëåííîå çàïÿòûìè, ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ “íàîáîðîò”, “íàïðîòèâ”.
11. once begun = íà÷àâøèñü.
12. increasingly = âñå áîëåå.
13. a host society = çä. çàèìñòâóþùåå îáùåñòâî (îáùåñòâî, ïðèîáðåòàþùåå çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ îò äðóãèõ îáùåñòâ, êóëüòóð).
14. a side dish – âòîðîñòåïåííîå, çàïàñíîå áëþäî.
15. to milk– çä. êîíâåðñèÿ, ãëàãîë èìååò òó æå ôîðìó, ÷òî è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå “milk” è îçíà÷àåò “äîèòü êîðîâó”. (Ñð. smoke – äûì, êîïîòü; to smoke – êîïòèòü).
16. as he absorbs the accounts of foreign troubles = while reading the information about some problems abroad.
Exercises:
1. Find Russian equivalents for:
in contrast to; to gain culture; to modify a pattern; inventions of recent date; linen domesticated in the Near East; to slip into moccasins; a pattern transmitted to America; conditions developed in the evolutionary process; the process of culture borrowing; to provide a classic illustration of this point; to borrow cultural elements from another society; to operate on a substantial scale; to grow randomly; to encrease exponentially; communal living; to tend to grow selectively; substantial borrowings; to elaborate distinctive ways of life.
2. Find English equivalents for:
íàêàïëèâàòü êóëüòóðó; êóëüòóðíûå çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ; ðàñøèðÿòü êóëüòóðíóþ áàçó; øèðîêî-ìàñøòàáíûé ïðîöåññ çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ êóëüòóðû; ïî ïðîøåñòâèè âðåìåíè; çàíèìàòü ãëàâåíñòâóþùåå ïîëîæåíèå; ñîâìåñòíîå âëàäåíèå; ïðîïîâåäîâàòü èäåîëîãèþ; ãëàâíûå öåííîñòè àìåðèêàíñêîãî îáùåñòâà; ýëåìåíòû êóëüòóðû; ïðåäâåñòíèêè; îòðàæàòü òîò ôàêò ÷òî … ; ñëó÷àéíî; â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü; çàèìñòâîâàííûå ýëåìåíòû êóëüòóðû; ïðîöåññ çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êóëüòóðû (äèôôóçèÿ); ñòðîèòü ÷òî-ëèáî ïî îáðàçöó; ïîääåðæèâàòü êîíòàêò äðóã ñ äðóãîì; èìåòü òåíäåíöèþ ðàçâèâàòüñÿ èçáèðàòåëüíî; ðàñòè ñâîáîäíî/íàóãàä; ýòî íèêàê íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷åì-òî íîâûì; ýòî íå ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî … ; ïëàòüå; óñòðàíÿòü; ïîãëîùàòü; øðèôò/áóêâû; îõâàòûâàòü; îòáðàñûâàòü/èñêëþ÷àòü; ïðèîáðåòàòü; íàãðàæäàòü; òðåáîâàòü; îáåñïå÷èâàòü.
3. Answer the questions on the text:
1. What does the term cultural diffusion refer to?
2. What is the role of diffusion in the development of modern cultures?
3. What is needed for diffusion to operate on a substantial scale?
4. What makes substantial borrowing possible?
5. What classic illustration of cultural borrowing does the anthropologist Ralph Zinton provide? Describe it in brief.
6. How has culture grown and why did it grow slowly at first?
7. What made it possible for the rate of culture growth to become overwhelming?
8. Do you agree with the assumption that cultures grow randomly and unselectively? Why?
9. What determines the choice of new cultural traits to be added and incorporated into the host culture?
10. What basic values has American society?
11. What are various groups of young adults in the U.S. experimenting with and what ideology are they espousing?
12. What would communal living and equal sharing require from the society if they were to become part of the American way of life?
4. Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
| 1. to accumulate | a. to get a new skill or new knowledge by learning it |
| 2. to confront | b. to support or encourage something/ to help something to develop/to move someone to a job at a higher level |
| 3. to acquire | c. to add or include something as a part of something else |
| 4. to share | d. large in amount or degree/important |
| 5. to promote | e. to deal with a difficult situation or a problem to be solved |
| 6. to discard | f. to give someone a prize or other reward because they have achieved something |
| 7. to incorporate | g. a letter, number or symbol that is written, printed |
| 8. to award | h. to get more and more of something over a period of time |
| 9. to select | i. not able to work or exist together because of basic differences |
| 10. incompatible | j. an institution, thing or an animal that existed before a newer but similar one |
| 11. forerunner | k. to use or have something at the same time as someone else/to give part of something to someone else |
| 12. substantial | l. to get rid of something that you no longer want or need |
| 13. characters | m. to choose someone or something from a group |
5. Find pairs of verbs with close meaning:
| 1. to consume | a. to provide |
| 2. to modify | b. to realize/think |
| 3. to percieve | c. to obtain/gain |
| 4. to secure | d. to demand/claim |
| 5. to acquire | e. to change/alter |
| 6. to embrace | f. to absorb |
| 7. to require | g. to decide |
| 8. to determine | h. to accept/include smth. |
6. Paraphrase each of the following word combinations with the help of one word:
1. to continue to happen
2. a piece of clothing
3. not able to work or exist together because of basic differences
4. to add or include something as a part of something else
5. to set apart by some superior character or quality
7. Derive adverbs from the following adjectives, translate them into Russian and use them in English sentences of your own:
most reflective
particular incompatible
overwhelming ideal
random equal
unselective basical
8. Insert prepositions (use the text):
a.)
to cut ... a pattern
to operate ... a substantial scale
to glance ... the window
to be ... contact
to provide an illustration ...
to come ... use
to grow ... random
to come ... being
to gain culture ... the process of diffusion
to be transmitted ... America ... by way of Spain
to take ... new urgency
to derive a pattern ... the classical civilization
to tie a strip of cloth ... the neck
to pour maple syrup ... cakes
b.)
... purpose of convenience
in contrast ...
a bed built ... the pattern
overshoes made ... rubber
... outside the culture
... modern standards
... time
... such a fashion as to produce smth.
... a long period of time
covers made ... cotton
the tendency ... integration
a radical break ... the past
9. Translate into Russian:
1. Once begun, however, the process of culture borrowing became so pervasive that most of the elements of most modern cultures, including our own, originated with other peoples.
2. He goes to the bathroom, whose fixtures are a mixture of European and American inventions, both of recent date.
3. As he absorbs the accounts of foreign troubles he will, if he is a good conservative citizen, thank a Hebrew deity in an Indo-European Language that he is 100 per cent American.
4. While the ideology that they espouse is anything but new, and has been promoted off and on for over 100 years in the United States, it is an ideology that has never secured widespread support.
5. The basic values of American society have been acquisitive, emphasizing the possession of power and prestige by those who have “made it”, and awarding to them a variety of material goods and services.
10. Complete the table:
| country (noun) | nationality (noun) | attributive function (adjective) |
| 1. Egypt | Egyptians | Egyptian history |
| 2. Asia | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 3. Croatia | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 4. Russia | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 5. Europe | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 6. America | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 7. India | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 8. China | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 9. Rome | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 10. Africa | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 11. England | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 12. Scandinavia | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 13. Brazil | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 14. Sumer | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 15. Mexico | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 16. Spain | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 17. Germany | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 18. Persia | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 19. Italy | ¾ | ¾ history |
| 20. Abyssinia | ¾ | ¾ history |
11. Complete the following sentences using the text:
1. Culture has grown through … .
2. In order for diffusion to operate on … , there must be … ways of life.
3. As the culture base … and as societies become … , the large-scale … .
4. It is not true that culture is … , simply … anything that … .
5. According to Ralth Linton shaving is a masochistic rite which … either Sumer or ancient Egypt.
6. Culture … with the passage of time and its growth tends … .
7. Various groups of young adults around the country are … an ideology of … .
8. The existing culture base largely … will be added.
9. The tendency … integration influences whether … in the culture will become … it.
12. Paraphraze the following sentences using the Complex Subject construction:
1. It seems that the existing culture base largely determines what new traits of culture will be added.
2. It appears that most of the content of modern cultures was gained through the process of diffusion.
3. It seems that this masochistic rite was derived from either Sumer or ancient Egypt.
4. It is unlikely that the idea of communal living and equal sharing will become part of the American way of life.
5. It is known that culture has grow through a combination of the process of invention and diffusion.
6. It is supposed that cultures grown randomly and unselectively.
7. It was expected that some groups of American young adults would espouse an ideology of selflessness and sharing.
13. Translate from English into Russian the definitions of the term “diffusion” given in the “Glossary” and from Russian into English the definition of the term “äèôôóçèÿ”. Compare the two definitions and comment on them.
14. Give the main idea of the texts “Diffusion” and “The selective addition of culture traits”.
| <== previous lecture | | | next lecture ==> |
| Section 1. “Culture growth” and “Invention”. | | | Section 3. “Definition of culture” and “Material culture and nonmaterial culture”. |