Vocabulary exercises

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 339.

Vocabulary

1) accountability; 2) adjourn; 3) advocate; 4) afterthought; 5) alter; 6) appropriation; 7) authorization; 8) betray; 9) bold; 10) collaborate; 11) compassionate; 12) construe; 13) creaky; 14) daunt; 15) departure; 16) deplore; 17) discretionary; 18) distinct; 19) divisive; 20) doom; 21) empower; 22) entitle to; 23) evasion; 24) excise; 25) exempt; 26) external; 27) face (v); 28) flexibility; 29) generous; 30) ghetto; 31) hasty; 32) hostility; 33) immoderate; 34) inherent; 35) internal; 36) knee-jerk (adj.); 37) latitude; 38) mandatory; 39) miracle; 40) offset; 41) overlay; 42) overspend; 43) pact; 44) penalty/fine; 45) pertain; 46) pore over; 47) sequester; 48) strike; 49) strive; 50) susceptible; 51) target; 52) tariff; 53) timid; 54) top-down; 55) trap; 56) trigger; 57) tuition; 58) utter; 59) versus; 60) vibrant; 61) violate; 62) voucher

Exercise 1.Find the Russian equivalents

1) appropriation bill; 2) in a majoritarian manner; 3) to combat the pluralist politics; 4) a creaky conglomeration; 5) deficit target; 6)pay-as-you-gorestrictions; 7) chaff at the cap; 8) across-the-board cuts; 9) nonexempt entitlement programs; 10) spell doom for hopes; 11) to put smth right; 12) top-down accountability; 13) target parents; 14) trapped in educational ghettos

Exercise 2.Find the English equivalents

1) законодательство, законодательный, законодатель; 2) нецелевые расходы; 3) правовые программы; 4) наложение секвестра; 5) в ущерб чему-л./кому-л.; 6) умеренный консерватизм; 7) образовательная «трущоба»; 8) родительский выбор; 9) убедительный; 10) сотрудничество; 11) экономическое чудо; 12) быть обреченным

Exercise 3.Paraphrase the sentences, using synonyms (several, where possible) to the underlined words

1. All his decisions are made in a hurry. 2. The reforms changed the whole procedure of budgeting. 3. Who has a right for benefits? 4. Any tax cut must be compensated by tax increase. 5. The government initiated across-the-board cuts. 6. Why are they constantly breaking anti-monopoly laws? 7. Authorizing committees will have less freedom of spending. 8. We are going to defend education voucher plan together with black politicians. 9. Are you sorry for being a stubborn liberal? 10. The professor was explaining new economic terms, when our Dean entered the classroom. 11. It will be the liveliest sector of our economy. 12. The fee for the education is boosting. 13. The lack of funding is a fine for bad results in testing. 14. It is too late for such thoughts. 15. She will never give up the employees. 16. Knowledge of economic cycle does not make wonders. 17. People from slums have much less possibilities for higher education. 18. Poor students of poor parents are the major purpose of the reform. 19. The reasons of ruble's default must be stated clearly. 20. It has been too merciful to grant such a large credit. 21. We were to put off those unpopular measures. 22. Will you be searching cooperation in raising budget revenues? 23. High inflation rate frightens depositors. 24. From time to time he witnesses the death of hopes for many people. 25. If the state punished citizens for tax escaping, things would soon improve. 26. If the word “bankruptcy” had been pronounced earlier, we would have put it right but now it is too late. 27. Science will be experiencing budget cuts for several years. 28. The budget was hit by oil price cuts.

Exercise 4.Give opposites (all possible variants) to the underlined words in the sentences

1. It was not an internal affair. 2. These points are for optional spending. 3. They increased the limits for domestic spending. 4. The Congress always keeps pay-as-you-go restrictions. 5. His timid attempts to accelerate budgeting failed. 6. The thought to give up the project is too early. 7. We deal with bold ideology. 8. Local administration were waiting for the minister's arrival the whole last month. 9. Don't criticize an economic theory if you do not understand it. 10. They are having a strong tendency to unite but the situation is so changeable. 11. The minister will present vague reasons for reducing interest rates. 12. Having come to talk about debts outstanding they noticed no sign of hospitality. 13. Must tax inspectors and tax police be viewed together? 14. Those children have always been free to get any education they like. 15. High taxes won't encourage investors. 16. To close the whole industry was an early thought for the situation. 17. Who would you include into the list of people entitled to social benefits? 18. Those investments are not enough to make the enterprise operate. 19. She is too greedy for allowance. 20. Hardly had the optional expenditures been included into the budget a mess began in the country. 21. Business cycle resists any pressure. 22. This portion of budget was being planned for mandatory spending.

Exercise 5.Insert prepositions, where necessary

1. Certain committees have jurisdiction … particular legislative subjects. 2. The process of approving the budget has turned out inadequate … the task … producing a budget according … Congress's own timetable. 3. The funds are appropriated … the purpose … building a new line … tanks. 4. Are there any restrictions … mandatory spending and taxes? 5. Some Democrats chaffed … the cap … domestic spending. 6. Children in the US are tested … maths and English each year. 7. Everybody applauded … the Democratic Party. 8. This portion … the budget doesn't pertain … its area … responsibility. 9. The new reform was doomed … failure. 10. They are monolithic … boosting tuition. 11. Hopefully we won't have to raise funding for defense … the expense of social programs. 12. If a chance had been … hand I wouldn't have missed it.

Exercise 6.React to the sentences using the content of the text and the vocabulary

1. No one is responsible for American budget as a whole.

2. Borrowing from one category of expenditures to increase spending in another is not allowed.

3. The two-step spending process offers wonderful opportunities for interest groups to get into the budgeting act.

4. Any economic downturn might increase the budget deficit beyond the Gramm-Rudman target.

5. The power of the appropriations committees must be increased.

6. The strength of opposition to market forces in education is daunting.

7.Government should invest in reform insisting on results.

Exercise 7.Make up dialogs:

1. Between Ministers discussing budget spending.

2. Between members of different committees discussing budget spending.

3. Between secular school teachers viewing government's financing of the educational sphere.

4. Between economists discussing the effectiveness of budget reforms.

5.Between ordinary citizens discussing the effectiveness of budget reforms.

Exercise 8. Translate into English

1. Не входите. Он корпит над проектом решения. 2. Не следует принимать поспешных решений ни по внутренним, ни по внешним проблемам. 3. Эти проблемы всегда были присущи процессу принятия бюджета. 4. Когда вы получите разрешение на использование этих фондов? 5. Встав во главе комитета, он изменил процедуру выдачи ассигнований. 6. У них не будет права получать социальную помощь. 7. Будучи слишком робкой, реформа финансирования образования не принесла ожидаемых результатов. 8. Наложение акцизного сбора на образовательные ваучеры – предательство многих детей. 9. Их проект слишком смел для «сострадательного» консерватизма. 10. Их ожидает штраф за провал бюджета прошлого года? 11. Нет гибкости в использовании средств на правовые программы. 12. Вам следовало защищать программу образовательных ваучеров, но, боюсь, это запоздалая мысль. 13. Повышение платы за обучение было отложено на полгода. 14. Я сожалею о тех крайних мерах, которые мне пришлось принимать. 15. Это нельзя объяснить с точки зрения умеренного консерватизма. 16. Люди, вышедшие из трущоб, особенно подвержены манипуляциям. 17. Необычайно щедрое финансирование науки в этом году меня пугает. 18. В этой скрипучей конгломерации экономистов с абсолютно противоположными взглядами сотрудничество невозможно. 19. Объясните четко, кто уполномочил вас обречь детей из бедных семей на плохое образование. 20. Их раскольническая идеология всегда была загадкой для нас. 21. Если комитет поймают на уклонении от выдачи образовательных ваучеров родителям, которые выбраны для этого, это будет явной демонстрацией враждебности. 22. Свобода действий не должна быть предоставлена нерешительным и трусливым политикам. 23. Правовые программы, охватывающие всех без исключения, перерасходовав свой бюджет, попали в финансовую ловушку. 24. После нового пакта и отставки министра отход от старой налоговой системы будет отложен. 25. Сокращение тарифов нарушает закон об оплате труда. 26. Нисходящая подотчетность нанесла удар по мошенничеству. 27. Эта экономическая территория не относится к нашей области. 28. Произнося убедительные слова, он проводил политику в ущерб своим избирателям. 29. Программа была инициирована против оживленной торговли на черном рынке.

TOPICS:

1. The procedure of passing the budget in the US and Russia.

2. The ideal model of distributing portions of budget among the spheres of spending.

3.Financing reforms of education in the US and Russia.