Vocabulary exercises

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 407.

Vocabulary

1) abolition; 2) accomplish; 3) alarmist; 4) ally; 5) appeal (n); 6) bulk; 7) burden; 8) cogent; 9) committed to; 10) costly; 11) craft; 12) culprit; 13) curious; 14) deductions; 15) deride; 16) dispose; 16) encompass; 17) enhancement; 18) enormous; 19) equitable; 20) fortify; 21) furious; 22) gap; 23) get rid of; 24) haunt; 25) hence; 26) incoherent; 27) lag behind; 28) loopholes; 29) marginal; 30) obliged to; 31) overwhelm; 31) owe; 32) perplex; 33) pledge; 34) primary; 35) permanent; 36) pursue; 37) reclaim; 38) reject; 39) relieve; 40) renege; 41) repeal; 42) soar; 43) stump up; 44) stunning; 45) tail-spin; 46) teeter; 47) temporary; 48) urge; 50) welfare

Exercise 1.Find the Russian equivalents

1) tax burden; 2) tax hike; 3) revenue neutral; 4) flat tax; 5) perplexing bubble; 6) the bulk of increase; 7) tax bite; 8) to go into a “tail-spin”; 9) to fine-tune the economy; 10) a cogent debate; 11) tax- relieved contribution; 12) marriage penalty; 13) capital-gains- tax revenues; 14) give-away; 15) to draw Democratic fire; 16) capital creation; 17) retirement schemes

Exercise 2.Find the English equivalents

1) налоговые лазейки; 2) перераспределять средства; 3) способствовать равенству; 4) налогоплательщики с высоким доходом; 5) застрять в горле; 6) бесплодные переговоры; 7) сделанный наспех; 8) социальные программы; 9) помощь престарелым; 10) единый всеобъемлющий счет; 11) налог на наследство; 12) подоходный налог; 13) налог с прибыли; 14) предельная ставка; 15) не облагаемый налогом; 16) налоговые каникулы; 17) радикальное упрощение

Exercise 3.Paraphrase the sentences, using synonyms (several, where possible) to the underlined words

1. Who had enough courage to offer a tax hike? 2. We are facing a vast tax reform. 3. Do you know any ways of escaping taxes? 4. The attraction of the new tax system will certainly the equality. 5. I still remember the president's obligation not to allow price increase. 6. The local authorities violate the tax package. 7. Many politicians have been attacking taxation regulations with overwhelming success. 8. Were we obliged to care about average citizens. 9. Why has “pay-as-you-go” philosophy been denied? 10. Who is guilty of tax increase? 11. Don't laugh at the new proposal to invest in hi-tech projects. 12. For 11 years we have been fluctuating from success to recession. 13. Consequently, you hear his panicky remarks. 14. Our economy is uncontrollably recessing. 15. You are to improve the economy in five years. 16. Her words could be persuasive. 17. Child credit will grow. 18. Is the contribution tax-free. 19. The poorer part of the population will pay much less than the rich. 20. There was no distance between those interest rates. 21. The tax reform had been made before the political party representatives' election. 22. Will they be granted a constant credit? 23. The education reform embraces several regions. 24. Tax break for the rich will not be fair. 25. She was trying to make her political position stronger. 26. Tax-payers are extremely angry with boosting deductions. 27. Can we unite with the opposition on this matter? 28. The program's attraction is its simplicity. 29. The volume of sales was still increasing. 30. Are they still being pursued? 31. That employee will have been disposed of by November. 32. You owe the director of the subsidiary so much. 33. As a result, a great deal of tax revenues were restored. 34. All his life he has been searching some legal ways of escaping taxes. 35. When was the marriage tax canceled? 36. Who will be able to make the Congress enact the new tax system? 37. Those people were said to be the main target of the reform.

Exercise 4.Give opposites (all possible variants) to the underlined words in the sentences

1. Everybody expects small tax increase. 2. The revenues have been cut so greatly since ever. 3. Does your manager always follow the rules? 4. We will face terrible failure if things are not put right. 5. You mustn't eliminate tax brackets. 6. Many people will be crying over the new tax package. 7. The upper limit will be reduced to $3000. 8. She is constantly voting for tax brackets' narrowing. 9. American tax code is very logical. 10. The project is cheap. 11. That is a temporary credit. 12. I am against new tax brackets creation. 13. The next level of the reform was started by the executors three months ago. 14. We pay small taxes in our country. 15. Don't make the matter simpler. 16. The president won't separate from the Democrats. 17. The inspectors left the manager alone. 18. Having acquired the evidences she escaped. 19. For politicians the national budget is boring. 20. This sector has been occupying the leading position in our economy for 12 years. 21. The majority agrees with raising taxes. 22. How often does the company follow the regulations? 23. Everybody is speaking about poverty as an overwhelming effect of the new reform. 24. The bottom line of income-tax rate will have been curtailed by June. 25. We meant it to be just the secondary purpose.

Exercise 5.Insert prepositions, where necessary

1. Who was campaigning … the presidency last year? 2. Bush won't be reneging … his promise not to raise taxes. 3. How many questions are there … the national agenda. 4. The public ranked federal income tax rates … the bottom of the list of the worst problems they had to face. 5. Who was the major culprit … the increasing tax bite … the federal level? 6. Will the taxes of wealthy families be increased … two-thirds? 7. We should be more concerned … the revenue side of budgeting. 8. How much revenue was lost … tax loopholes … corporations and wealthy citizens? 9. In 1984 Reagan won re-election … Mondale. 10. The state and local tax burden has doubled … size. 11. How can you account … curtailing social security taxes? 12. The economic slowdown and the fall in share prices on the NASDAQ should have been taken … account. 13. What are the legal means of getting rid … political opponents? 14. They might be seeking … exceptions and enhancements. 15. Tax breaks … favored groups are the loopholes for people who want to avoid taxes.

Exercise 6.React to the sentences using the content of the text and the vocabulary

1. It is not fair to eliminate tax brackets.

2. Raising taxes will help the government to control the economy.

3. Massive tax cut can stimulate the economy and yield more revenue than is lost.

4. Tax reform proposals usually end up working against their original purpose.

5. Social security taxes increase has positive effect.

6. Fine-tuning the economy is best done by changing interest rates.

7. Getting rid of inheritance tax will draw more Democratic fire.

8. A big gap between the top rate of income tax and capital-gains tax opens a door to tax avoidance.

9.Endless piecemeal offering of tax breaks to favored groups makes taxation messy and incoherent.

Exercise 7.Make up dialogs:

1. Between economists discussing different tax burdens.

2. Between ordinary citizens discussing different tax burdens.

3. Between economists discussing Mr Bush's tax reforms.

4. Between ordinary citizens discussing Mr Bush's tax reforms.

5. Between a tax-payer trying to escape taxes and a tax inspector.

Exercise 8. Translate into English

1. Постепенно наша экономика входит в «штопор». 2. Отмена налога на наследство и «холостяцкого» налога существенно снизит налоговое бремя. 3. Где пределы налогообложения не менялись в течение трех лет? 4. Демократы всегда преследуют виновников экономического спада? 5. Объем роста благосостояния в этом году был ошеломляющий. 6. Должно быть, эти паникеры снова отвергли все наши реформы. 7. Я вам очень обязан, потому что вы дали мне постоянную работу. 8. Нужно закончить реформу, уничтожив все налоговые лазейки. 9. Покупатели были в ярости, потому что ремонт техники дорого обошелся. 10. Ваша любопытная теория не подкреплена убедительными доказательствами. 11. Наша компьютерная фирма все еще будет отставать от конкурентов, но большой разницы между нашими доходами не будет уже к следующему месяцу. 12. Вам следует избавиться хотя бы от половины огромного долга. 13. Снижение налоговых отчислений – явление временное. 14. Не нужно высмеивать радикальное упрощение налоговой системы. 15. Когда результаты опроса были аннулированы? 16. Мы десять лет слушаем призывы объединяться то с одной партией, то с другой. 17. Правительство взяло на себя обязательство выделить большую материальную помощь региону, пострадавшему от наводнения; теперь мы видим, что быстро возводятся дома на бюджетные деньги. 18. Ко второй половине следующего года предприятие будет располагать необходимыми средствами для расширения производства. 19. Нужно ли налоговому бремени быть равным для всех налогоплательщиков? 20. За последнее время половина ваших обязательств была нарушена. 21. Какие группы населения охватывала система налогообложения 15 лет назад? 22. Вы могли восстановить поступления, потерянные при незаконном переводе денег за границу, но вы не сделали этого, потому что вы были соучастником этого перевода. 23. Почему весь прошлый год налоговые пределы сильно колебались в сторону повышения? 24. Едва экономическая ситуация усложнилась, налоги поползли вверх. 25. С чем будет связано укрепление позиций вашего банка?

TOPICS:

1. Taxation as the major means of government regulation of the economy.

2. Legal and illegal ways of tax avoiding.

3. Tax reforms in the US and Russia.

4.Taxation systems in different countries.