Vocabulary exercises

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 352.

Vocabulary

1) abandon; 2) aftermath; 3) allocate; 4) bump; 5) clientele; 6) compile; 7) dwarfed; 8) earmark; 9) enshrine; 10) entitle; 11) grip; 12) immune; 13) increment; 14) mere; 15) outbreak; 16) outlay; 17) outstrip; 18) precisely; 19) prior; 20) psyche; 21) reverse; 22) roar; 23) squeeze; 24) substantial; 25) threat

Exercise 1.Find the Russian equivalents

1) social security outlay; 2) accumulated national debt; 3) current expenditures; 4) the share of the budget; 5) incremental budgeting; 6) to take priority; 7) the easing of the Soviet threat; 8) to benefit from; 9) squeezed by pressure from payments; 10) in the grip of a severe downturn; 11) manufacturing activity; 12) sources of manufacturing's troubles; 13) to hit the profit; 14) growth plans; 15) labor costs; 16) capital-goods producers; 17) mass abandonment of plans to increase investment; 18) manufacturing's share of gdp

Exercise 2.Find the English equivalents

1) в военное/мирное время; 2) разоружение; 3) выплата процентов по национальному долгу; 4) существенно возрастать; 5) сельскохозяйственные программы; 6) ограничения на нецелевые расходы; 7) выигрышный; 8) отменить обязательные платежи; 9) угрожать, угрожающий; 10) ежегодный уровень; 11) главный показатель; 12) по отношению к валютам торговых партнеров; 13) чрезмерно оптимистичный; 14) в самое неподходящее время; 15) оправиться от кризиса; 16) уровень, характеризующий период кризиса; 17) полная занятость; 18) спорный

Exercise 3.Paraphrase the sentences, using synonyms (several, where possible) to the underlined words

1. Social security expenses grow every year. 2. How is the percentage of national budget distributed among defense, medicine and science? 3. Only a small part of the budget will be devoted to supporting domestic producers. 4. The boom of defense spending took place during the World War II. 5. The government came back to the policy of enforcing economic reforms. 6. Government spending has gone ahead budget revenues. 7. What are the rules of making funding requests? 8. Net interest payments have increased considerably in recent years. 9. Consumer spending is reluctant even to large budget reductions. 10. Those social programs have not been preserved in politics. 11. Some social programs oblige citizens to pay taxes. 12. The consequences of raging inflation were terrible. 13. Which programs are the most important? 14. Everything has been over event before the beginning of the crisis. 15. They gave up all the attempts to distribute revenues equally. 16. If you want to understand the reasons of Great Depression you are to analyze the events before it. 17. Employment is reduced by consumer spending. 18. Manufacturing sector is being pressed hard by severe recession. 19. It is simply the sign of economic cycle. 20. Exact and detailed description of his economic program is unavailable. 21. Buying securities, the government puts more money into circulation; selling securities has the opposite effect. 22. Budget revenues have considerably increased. 23. Consequences of the recession will change customers' attitude to high-tech realm. 24. Some part of the national budget will have to be intended for covering inflationary losses. 25. Sudden drop in blue-chip prices had severe impact on American people's souls.

Exercise 4.Give opposites (all possible variants) to the underlined words in the sentences

1. The whole budget can be spent on social security. 2. We are experiencing a sharp decrease in educational programs funding. 3. Private employees' salaries will have lagged behind state employees' ones. 4. By the end of the next month unemployment benefits spending will have been growing a little for half a year. 5. Many political methods of regulating the economy will be lost. 6. The following actions were still showing signs of small purchasing power. 7. Before the end of the war almost all stock markets crashed. 8. The agreement on additional investment are on time. 9. Inflation has reached its economic growth level. 10. Manufacturing sector won't lag behind high technology sphere. 11. People were given vague explanations of the reasons of economic depressions. 12. This social program is not popular in politics.

Exercise 5.Insert prepositions, where necessary

1. The government spent hundreds of billions of dollars … different programs last year. 2. What will the largest amount… the total budget be earmarked …? 3. We have already paid the interest … the national debt. 4. Why is spending … Medicare decreasing? 5. Unemployment peaked … 12 percent in 1991 and fell … 4 percent in 1999. 6. What percentage is allocated … defense? 7. How big is the share of the budget devoted … research projects? 8. What accounts … the largest portion … the national budget? 9. I can not find any explanations … the steady growth in government spending. 10. Bureaucrats are constantly asking … additional amounts of money. 11. No more requests … extra financing! 12. Now you keep telling that we should have paid much more attention … the size … our family budget, when it's too late. 13. Further cuts … space industry aren't expected in the nearest future. 14. To interfere … incremental budgeting you just need caps … discretionary spending. 15. These programs won't have been effectively immune … budget reductions by the end of the next year. 16. Does social security legislation guarantee any benefits … them when they retire … work? 17. All citizens are entitled … certain payments. 18. It turned out that no social program had escaped … cutting. 19. People with low income have grown accustomed … certain government benefits. 20. No economic crisis can affect … Russian psyche.

Exercise 6.React to the sentences using the content of the text and the vocabulary

1. The largest amount of total budget must be spent on national defense.

2. Total budget must be equally divided between different spheres.

3. Incremental budgeting is the first step to effective government spending.

4. No country can avoid uncontrollable spending.

5. We can not have full employment if consumer spending is on recessionary level.

6. Economic crisis in some country can not influence domestic economy.

7. In market economy the amount of money spent on social security programs must be reduced.

8. Job cuts are less expensive than keeping full employment.

9.If there is an economic crisis it can be observed not only in manufacturing sector.

Exercise 7.Make up dialogs:

1. Between ordinary citizens discussing consumer spending.

2. Between local authorities discussing local government spending.

3. Between local and federal authorities discussing local and federal government spending.

4. Between President and the economic adviser discussing redistribution of government spending.

5.Between the creditor and the federal authority discussing the ways of carrying national debt.

Exercise 8. Translate into English

1. Суммы, затрачиваемые на выплату процентов по национальному долгу, постепенно растут. 2. Через несколько десятилетий они обгонят самые развитые страны по темпам экономического развития. 3. Все ограничения на нецелевые расходы никогда не будут сняты. 4. Угроза инфляции лишает банки клиентуры. 5. Из-за разоружения военная промышленность оказалась в финансовых тисках. 6. В 1998 году суммы, выделяемые медицине, стали мизерными. 7. Предшествующие события – это просто признаки циклических колебаний. 8. Последствия падения NASDAQ немыслимы. 9. На этой неделе прибыль распределяется между акционерами согласно вложениям каждого. 10. В последнее время не было ни одной программы, устойчивой к сокращению бюджета. 11. Граждане с низким доходом не обязаны платить большие налоги. 12. Финансирование этих программ не предписано законами и не лелеется политиками. 13. От планов увеличить инвестирование отказались. 14. Эта статья бюджета не предназначена для выплаты пособий по безработице. 15. Увеличение стоимости рабочей силы – тяжелый удар по производственному сектору. 16. Мы узнали, что ежегодное приращение к финансированию будет сохранено. 17. Эти события стали началом всемирного кризиса рынка высоких технологий. 18. Огромные правительственные траты привели к галопирующей инфляции. 19. Финансирование социальных программ «сжимается» из-за выплат по национальному долгу. 20. По отношению к валютам торговых партнеров курс доллара существенно не снизился.

TOPICS:

1. Government spending at home and abroad.

2. Ideal model of government spending.

3.Consumer spending at home and abroad.

DISCUSSION: Different kinds of spending at home and abroad at present time

Possible characters:

1. A military authority;

2. A social security authority;

3. Minister of education;

4. A medical doctor;

5. President's economic adviser;

6. Minister of finance;

7. Domestic producer;

8. An average citizen;

9. A foreign creditor;

10.An independent analyst.