ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 404.

Many people have contributed in a variety of ways in the preparation of this course (EGC). We would like to thank the specialists of the Institute of Geology and Oil & Gas, TPU all of whom brought their professionalism and expertise to guiding and shaping this course in its various stages. Our special thanks are due to V. N. Demchenko, L.M. Bolsunovskaya and others from not only comments on early drafts but for constant support and encouragement who carefully and constructively evaluated sections of this work. While we cannot possibly mention the names of all those who contributed to this course, we thank all of them for their time and efforts. For providing a stimulating working environment, we would like to thank Department № 3, where the project was developed and designed. We also thank our relatives for unconditional support and patience throughout the preparation of this project.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit in any form or by any means electronic, photocopying or otherwise without prior written permission of the publishers -TPU.

CONTENT

Preface 4

UNIT 1- GEOLOGY 12

1. Comprehension 12

2. Reading comprehension: 13

2.1 Vocabulary 13

2.1.1 Text: What Is Geology? 14

2.2 Exercises 16

3. Discussion: What are the laws of geology? 21

4. Wordlist 22

4.1 Pronunciation 22

4.2 Terms 23

4.3 Words and phrases 23

UNIT 2 – FOSSILS 25

1.Comprehension: 25

1.1 Vocabulary 25

1.2 What is a fossil? 25

2. Exercises 27

3. Reading comprehension: 32

3.1 Detailed reading- Relative Dating: Using Rocks 32

3.2 Informative reading- Relative Dating: Fossils 34

4. Oral Communication- Geological time scale 37

5. Listening comprehension: Fossils 43

6. Discussion: Fossils 44

7. Wordlist 45

7.1 Pronunciation 45

7.2 Terms 47

7.3 Words and phrases 48

UNIT 3- SIZING UP THE EARTH 50

1.Comprehension: 50

1.1 Vocabulary 50

1.2 Our Layered Planet 50

2. Exercises 52

3. Reading comprehension: 53

3.1 Informative reading-The Earth 53

3.2 Detailed reading- Earth's Size and Shape 58

3.3 Scanning- Earth's building blocks 59

4. Listening Comprehension: 61

5. Discussion: The Earth 63

6. Wordlist 66

6.1 Pronunciation 66

6.2 Terms 67

6.3 Words and phrases 67

UNIT 4-ROCKS AND MINERALS69

1. Comprehension 69

1.1 Terms 69

1.2 Definitions 69

1.3 The rock cycle 71

2. Exercises 73

3. Reading Comprehension 77

3.1 Scanning: Earth's building blocks (part 1) 77

3.2 Informative reading – Part I: Minerals and

Their Physical Properties 80

Part II: Physical Properties 81

3.3 Detailed reading- Basic rock types 88

4. Listening Comprehension 89

5. Discussion: Minerals and Rocks 92

6. Wordlist 95

6.1 Pronunciation 95

6.2 Terms 95

6.3 Words and phrases 97

UNIT 5- IGNEOUS ROCKS 99

1. Comprehension 99

1.1 Vocabulary 99

1.2 Anatomy of a volcano 100

2. Exercises 101

3. Reading comprehension: 102

3.1Scanning- Igneous rocks 102

3.2 Informative reading- Igneous rocks 105

4. Listening comprehension 108

5. Discussion: The characteristic differences of igneous rocks 111

6. Wordlist 112

6.1 Pronunciation 112

6.2 Terms 113

UNIT 6- SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 114

1. Comprehension 114

1.1 Vocabulary 114

1.2 Rocks from sediments 115

2. Exercises 116

3. Reading comprehension: 118

3.1Scanning 118

3.1.1 Rocks from living things 118

3.1.2 Rocks from chemicals 120

3.2 Informative reading- Rocks from fragments 122

3.3 Detailed reading- Text I: Sedimentary rocks 126

Text II Occurrence of Sedimentary Rocks 132

4. Listening comprehension 136

5. Discussion: Classification of sedimentary rocks 138

6. Wordlist 142

6.1 Pronunciation 142

6.2 Terms 142

6.3 Words and phrases 143

UNIT 7- METAMORPHIC ROCKS 144

1. Comprehension 144

1.1 Vocabulary 144

1.2 Metamorphic rocks 144

2. Exercises 147

3. Reading comprehension: 150

3.1 Detailed reading- Occurrence and 150

classification of metamorphic rocks

3.2 Informative reading- Metamorphic rocks 152

4. Revision 154

5. Listening comprehension 156

6. Discussion: Rocks of the Earth's crust 158

7. Wordlist 160

7.1 Pronunciation 160

7.2Terms 161

7.3 Words and phrases 161

UNIT 8- THE RESTLESS CRUST 163

PART 1- OCEANIC CRUST163

1. Comprehension 163

1.1 Vocabulary 163

1.2 The Ocean Floor 164

2. Exercises 165

3. Reading comprehension: 167

3.1 Detailed reading- Sea floor spreading 167

4. Listening comprehension 171

5. Discussion: Plate tectonics in action 171

PART 2 - CONTINENTAL CRUST 174

1. Comprehension 174

1.1 Vocabulary 174

1.2 Mountain building 174

2. Exercises 178

3. Reading comprehension: 178

3.1 Informative reading- How continents evolve 178

4. Listening comprehension 180

5. Discussion: - Orogenesis 181

PART 3 – FOLDING AND FAULTING182

3.1 Comprehension: Faults 182

3.1.1 Vocabulary 182

3.1.2 Fault terminology 183

3.1.3 Exercises 185

3.1.4 Listening comprehension 188

3.2 Comprehension: Folds 189

3.2.1 Vocabulary 189

3.2.2 Fold terminology 190

3.2.3 Exercises 191

3.2.4 Listening comprehension 191

4. Discussion: Faulting and folding 192

5. Wordlist 195

5.1 Pronunciation 195

5.2 Terms 198

5.3 Words and phrases 201

APPENDIX204

Test 1 205

Test 2 207

Test 3 209

Test 4 211

Test 5 214

Test 6 219

Test 7 222

Test 8.1 224

Test 8.2 226

REFERENCES229