Figure 2.2 Linear spectrum

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 394.

*anarchism, which may be both ultra left-wing and ultra rightwing; that it ignores the fact that communism and fascism to some extent resemble one another by virtue of a shared tendency towards *totalitarianism; and that it attempts to reduce politics to a single dimension – the market–state divide – and thereby ignores other political distinctions such as the libertarian–authoritarian divide and the autocratic–democratic divide. For these reasons various horseshoe-shaped and two-dimensional spectrums have been developed to offer a more complete picture of ideological positions (see Figures 2.3 and 2.4). Finally, some argue that the emergence of new political issues such as *feminism, *ecologism and animal rights, which simply do not fit in to the conventional spectrum, and the development of *'third way' politics have rendered the ideas of left and right largely redundant.

Figure 2.3 Horseshoe spectrum

Figure 2.4 Two-dimensional spectrum