Abstractional Conception of the phoneme theory
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 686.
The Prague Linguistic Circle
The members of the circle were especially interested in the distinctive features of the phoneme. The viewed the phoneme as a bundle of distinctive features. They were not interested in speech sounds. They supposed that only Phonology had the right to be among linguistic sciences. They referred Phonetics to Biology, Physiology and Acoustics.
The abstractional conception was originated by Ferdinand de Saussuer (1857 – 1913), a famous Swiss linguist, and the Danish linguist Eghelmslev (1889 – 1965). This conception was supported by their pupils in Copenhagen Linguistic Circle.
The abstract view regards the phoneme as independent of the phonetic properties. Saussuer viewed the phoneme as something not having material substance as some sound features help different one phoneme from another phoneme. (êàê íå÷òî áåñòåëåñíîå, íå èìåþùåå ìàòåðèàëüíîé ñóáñòàíöèè, êàê òàêèå çâóêîâûå ïðèçíàêè, êîòîðûå îòëè÷àþò îäíó ôîíåìó îò äðóãîé.)
American linguists Bloomfield (1887 – 1949) and Roman Jacobson (1896 – 1982) viewed the phoneme as a minimal sound unit, by which meanings can be differentiated.
They stated that the features of the phoneme involved in the differentiation of words are called “distinctive”. They can be found (features) in contrastive sets. So they denied the abstractional aspect and the material aspect was exaggerated.
Daniel Johns (1881 – 1967) originated the physical view of the phoneme. He defined the phoneme as “a family of sounds”. The members of the family show phonetic similarity. No member of the family can occure in the same phonetic context as any other member.
Regional dialects. Dialects variation.
Every language that has spread geographically, has produced varieties, called dialects.
English
American British Others
Northern Southern Others
standard non-standard
Non English contribution to American English:
Dutch:
-Yankee
- bowery
- kill(creek)
American Indian:
- hickory
- pecan
- raccoon
- opossum
- wigwam
French:
- prairie
- lacrosse
American, Indian languages through French:
- toboggan
- bayou
African:
- coater (turtle)
- jazz
- goober (peanut)
- banjo
- boogie-woogie
Spanish:
- ranch
- lasso
- rodeo
- sombrero
Italian:
- spaghetti
- pizza
- espresso
- macaroni
- ravioli
Czech:
-
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18 areas
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