МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 413.

Music: 212 3 *D – determiner; 3- adjective; I/he – noun in the singular form, masculine; 2-d – verb in the past tense, singular or plural; 4 – adverb; a, b – these letters denote different referents   So, this derivational tree shows the order in which the generating of a sentence must proceed (Starikova, Alova, 1980). In spite of its merits the IC model sometimes cannot show that relations between the elements of some two sentences are different, i.e., it cannot resolve ambiguity in homonymic grammatical patterns: a) Jack is easy to please, b) Jack is eager to please. As one can easily notice, in accordance with the IC method these two sentences are quite identical as to their division into immediate constituents, but the method cannot explain the semantic difference between them because it doesn't take into consideration the semantic aspect of the sentence though we intuitively feel there is some difference between them. The new and even stronger method of analysis - the so-called Transformational method (T-method) will help us to explicate the difference between the two sentences, as its explanatory power is even greater than that of the IC method. The T-method includes the distributional method of Ch.Friez and the IC method. The T-method claims to be able to resolve ambiguity even in sentences with identical lexical meanings but an ambiguous interpretation, which shows (points to) that there is also a grammatical difference between them. For instance, the sentence "He is a man to watch" may imply: a) He is to watch smb b) Smb is to watch him. It means that behind the identical appearance different syntactical structures are implied. The IC method cannot explain it (cannot explicate the difference) because when using the method we are supposed to analyse a sentence isolatedly from the structure of other types of sentences, while the T-method recommends to analyse every sentence in all its relationships with other types of sentences and phrases. The main concept of this method is the concept of transformation, which is understood as the procedure of any change of a syntactic structure without a change of its basic meaning. The T-method is very useful for explication of implicit meanings of syntactic structures (surface structures). For instance: a) a surface structure: "stone wall", its deep structure: "a wall made of stone", b) a surface struc­ture: "a cage bird", its deep structure: "a bird that lives in a cage", c) "bird cage" - "a cage for birds", etc. One more basic notion of transformational analysis is the notion of the so-called kernel structures and their transforms (the notions were first introduced by Z. Harris and N. Chomsky). According to Z. Harris and N. Chomsky, the European languages are characterized by only 9 kernel sentences (which are simple unextended sentences), while the rest of existing actual sentences are their transforms and they can be reduced to these few kernel structures: They are: 1) N is A; 2) N is N1; 3) NV; 4)NVD; 5)NVpN1(N2); 6)N is D; 7)N!; 8) (To) V! 9) N!; (E.g.: a) The girl is clever (N is A), b) Tom ran home (NVD), c) Fire! (N!). Grammarians have worked out many transformational procedures, such as nominalization of sentences and phrases, permutation, deletion, etc., with the help of which we can transform kernel sentences into their transforms. (For a more detailed treatment of the issue see: Irtenyeva et al., 1969:76-80; 82-89; 97-106). One of the most effective non-structural methods nowadays is the method of componental (seme) analysis at the morphological and syntactic levels. The main notion of the method is the notion of the seme - the smallest unit of meaning. Using it we can split the meaning of almost every notional word or a sentence into a number of semes ("portions of meaning"). For instance: a husband: a) animate, b) person, c) male, d) adult, e) married (at the lexical level).

Dog || there. 2 3 1 3 4 5 2 The IC method is characterised by a stronger explanatory power than Ch. Friez's distributional method and incorporates the latter. With the help of the IC method we can also present sentences and connections between their elements in the form of the so-called derivation tree of connections which helps to identify the hierarchy of dependence between the components. The diagram that follows displays the successive breaking down of each unit into two immediate constituents:   The || girl | liked || the

Black

A

Man | saw