PROSODIC NOTATION SYSTEMS

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 1212.

Any system of notation is a generalization of a great variety of linguistically relevant sound phenomena. The extent of the generalization may vary. Depending on what the notation is intended for, it may be broad (it is intended to reflect only the most relevant prosodic features by using the fewest possible symbols) and narrow (it is intended to be more detailed). There is a number of means to denote prosodic features: the musical notation; interlinear staves with dots, dashes and arrows; the head and nucleus system; the tonetic stress—mark system; the intonation contour system. Musical notation was the 1^st because recently intonation was defined as melody. But such a notation is unsatisfactory because the voice does not pass from one pitch to another at definite intervals as in singing. The next important development in the system of denoting prosodic phenomena was a notation within a lineof the text (Palmer). He used arrows in the text to mark the pitch change in the nucleus. Palmer also used special symbols to indicate the pitch of the syllables that precede the nucleus (∕ ¯ _). Palmer also used a fuller notation in which the tune of the whole tone—group is shown by dots. Small dots correspond to unstressed syllables and thick dots mark the stressed syllables. A rather accurate system was developed by Kingdon. It is known as tonetic stress-mark system. One and the same mark indicate stress and tone simultaneously. He distinguishes stressed syllables of two kinds: those in which the vocal cords remain at a given tension (Static Tones); and those in which their tension changes (Kinetic Tones). Static Tones: High Level Tone -It's 'now or 'never; Low Level Tone: ,How did you ,manage ,that? Kinetic tones: high rising, low rising, high falling, low falling, falling-rising, rising-falling, rising-falling-rising. Also there are interlinear systems of pitch change, pitch level, pitch range, as it represents the pitch of every syllable. One more system is that of Crystal. It includes symbols to mark various degrees of pitch variations, pitch range, pauses, loudness, speed, tension. Besides that, he considers to analyse the role of paralinguistic features, such as voice qualifiers (whisper) and voice qualifications (laugh, cry).