Ïðèìå÷àíèå 2: Äèôòîíãè
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 566.
Note 2: Diphthongs
Ïðèìå÷àíèå 1: Áóêâà Y
Note 1: The letter Y
The letter Y can function as a vowel or as a consonant. As a vowel, Y has the vowel sounds [i], [ai]. As a consonant, Y has the consonant sound [y] (i.e. a semivowel), usually at the beginning of the word and only in the syllable before a vowel.
[i] - any, city, carry, funny, mystery, synonym;
[ai] - my, cry, rely, signify, nylon, type;
[y] - yard, year, yes, yet, yield, you.
Áóêâà Y ìîæåò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü êàê ãëàñíàÿ èëè ñîãëàñíàÿ. Êàê ãëàñíàÿ, Y èìååò ãëàñíûå çâóêè [i], [ai]. Êàê ñîãëàñíàÿ, Y èìååò ñîãëàñíûé çâóê [y] (ò.å. ïîëóãëàñíûé çâóê), îáû÷íî â íà÷àëå ñëîâà è òîëüêî â ñëîãå ïåðåä ãëàñíîé.
[i] - any, city, carry, funny, mystery, synonym;
[ai] - my, cry, rely, signify, nylon, type;
[y] - yard, year, yes, yet, yield, you.
A diphthong is one vowel sound that consists of two parts. The first part is the main strong component (the nucleus), the second part is short and weak (the glide). A diphthong is always stressed on its first component: [au], [ou]. A diphthong forms one syllable. American linguists usually list five diphthongs: [au], [ai], [ou], [oi], [ei].
Äèôòîíã - ýòî îäèí ãëàñíûé çâóê, êîòîðûé ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ÷àñòåé. Ïåðâàÿ ÷àñòü - ýòî ãëàâíûé ñèëüíûé êîìïîíåíò (ÿäðî), âòîðàÿ ÷àñòü êîðîòêàÿ è ñëàáàÿ (ñêîëüæåíèå). Äèôòîíã âñåãäà èìååò óäàðåíèå íà ïåðâîì êîìïîíåíòå: [au], [ou]. Äèôòîíã îáðàçóåò îäèí ñëîã. Àìåðèêàíñêèå ëèíãâèñòû îáû÷íî ïðèâîäÿò ïÿòü äèôòîíãîâ: [au], [ai], [ou], [oi], [ei].
Note 3: The sound [o]
The sound [o] is short in British English. In the same words, the sound [o] in American English is a long sound colored as [a:]. American phonetic courses often list this sound as [a:]. In some words, there are two variants of pronunciation in AmE: [o:] or [o].
[o] - lot, rock, rob, bother, bottle, college, comment, document, modern, popular, respond, John, Tom;
[o:] or [o] - gone, coffee, office, borrow, orange, sorry, loss, lost, want, wash, water.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå 3: Çâóê [o]
Çâóê [o] êðàòêèé â áðèòàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì.  òåõ æå ñëîâàõ, çâóê [o] â àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì ýòî äîëãèé çâóê, îêðàøåííûé êàê [a:]. Àìåðèêàíñêèå ó÷åáíèêè ôîíåòèêè ÷àñòî äàþò ýòîò çâóê êàê [a:].  íåêîòîðûõ ñëîâàõ äâà âàðèàíòà ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ â AmE: [o:] èëè [o].
[o] - lot, rock, rob, bother, bottle, college, comment, document, modern, popular, respond, John, Tom;
[o:] èëè [o] - gone, coffee, office, borrow, orange, sorry, loss, lost, want, wash, water.
Read more about vowels and vowel sounds in the file Spelling Patterns for Vowels in the section Writing.
Ïðî÷èòàéòå åùå î ãëàñíûõ áóêâàõ è çâóêàõ â ôàéëå Spelling Patterns for Vowels â ðàçäåëå Writing.
| Typical Spelling Patterns for Vowel Sounds | Òèïè÷íûå âàðèàíòû íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ |
| Spelling and pronunciation are closely connected to each other and should be always studied together. | Íàïèñàíèå ñëîâ è èõ ïðîèçíîøåíèå òåñíî ñâÿçàíû äðóã ñ äðóãîì è äîëæíû âñåãäà èçó÷àòüñÿ âìåñòå. |
| There are six vowel letters in English: a, e, i, o, u, y. The letter “y” can represent the vowel sounds [i], [ai] (mystery, type), and the consonant (semivowel) sound [y] (yes). Together, vowel letters represent from 15 to 22 vowel sounds. This difference mostly comes from counting the diphthongs differently in British and American English. Generally, American linguists list five diphthongs: [ai], [au], [ei], [oi], [ou]. |  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå øåñòü ãëàñíûõ áóêâ: a, e, i, o, u, y. Áóêâà “y” ìîæåò ïåðåäàâàòü ãëàñíûå çâóêè [i], [ai] (mystery, type), è ñîãëàñíûé (ïîëóãëàñíûé) çâóê [y] (yes). Âìåñòå, ãëàñíûå áóêâû ïåðåäàþò îò 15 äî 22 ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ. Ýòà ðàçíèöà â îñíîâíîì ïðîèñõîäèò èç ðàçíîãî ïîäñ÷åòà ÷èñëà äèôòîíãîâ â áðèòàíñêîì è àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì. Îáû÷íî, àìåðèêàíñêèå ëèíãâèñòû ïðèâîäÿò 5 äèôòîíãîâ: [ai], [au], [ei], [oi], [ou]. |
| So, the number of vowel sounds represented by vowel letters and their combinations with other vowels and with certain consonants is larger than the number of vowel letters, which means that one and the same vowel letter or letter combination can represent more than one sound. English also has several spelling variants for each vowel sound, which means that the same vowel sound is represented by different letters and letter combinations in writing. | Èòàê, êîëè÷åñòâî ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ, ïåðåäàâàåìûõ ãëàñíûìè áóêâàìè è èõ ñî÷åòàíèÿìè ñ äðóãèìè ãëàñíûìè è ñ íåêîòîðûìè ñîãëàñíûìè, áîëüøå, ÷åì ÷èñëî ãëàñíûõ áóêâ, à ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî îäíà è òà æå ãëàñíàÿ áóêâà èëè áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå ìîæåò ïåðåäàâàòü áîëåå îäíîãî çâóêà.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå òàêæå åñòü íåñêîëüêî âàðèàíòîâ íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ êàæäîãî ãëàñíîãî çâóêà, ÷òî çíà÷èò, ÷òî îäèí è òîò æå ãëàñíûé çâóê ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå ðàçíûìè áóêâàìè è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿìè. |
| For example, the letter “a” typically represents five sounds as in “Kate [keit], cat [kat], call [ko:l], card [ka:rd], alone [ә`loun]”. Its common open-syllable sound [ei] is represented in writing not only by the letter “a” as in “Kate”, but by five different vowel combinations as in “may, rain, weigh, they, break”. Further, the combinations “ey, ei” which are usually pronounced [ei] in English words, can represent the sound [ai] in the words of foreign origin: geyser, Einstein. There is also a connection between a sound, its spelling and the surrounding letters. For example, the combination “ar”, which is normally pronounced [a:r] as in “car, park, hard”, is pronounced [o:r] after the consonant “w”, for example, “war, ward, warm, warn”. | Íàïðèìåð, áóêâà “a” òèïè÷íî ïåðåäàåò ïÿòü çâóêîâ êàê â ñëîâàõ “Kate [keit], cat [kat], call [ko:l], card [ka:rd], alone [ә`loun]”. Åå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé çâóê îòêðûòîãî ñëîãà [ei] ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå íå òîëüêî áóêâîé “a” êàê â “Kate”, íî è ïÿòüþ ðàçëè÷íûìè ñî÷åòàíèÿìè ãëàñíûõ áóêâ êàê â “may, rain, weigh, they, break”. Äàëåå, áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ey” è “ei”, êîòîðûå îáû÷íî ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ [ei] â àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâàõ, ìîãóò ïåðåäàâàòü çâóê [ai] â ñëîâàõ èíîñòðàííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ: geyser, Einstein. Òàêæå åñòü ñâÿçü ìåæäó çâóêîì, åãî íàïèñàíèåì è îêðóæàþùèìè áóêâàìè. Íàïðèìåð, áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ar”, êîòîðîå îáû÷íî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [a:r] êàê â “car, park, hard”, ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [o:r] ïîñëå ñîãëàñíîé “w”, íàïðèìåð, “war, ward, warm, warn”. |
| The most practical approach is to learn typical spelling patterns for vowel sounds. The other spelling variants may be present only in a couple of words or in the words that are not used very often. | Íàèáîëåå ïðàêòè÷íûé ïîäõîä - âûó÷èòü òèïè÷íûå ìîäåëè íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ. Äðóãèå âàðèàíòû íàïèñàíèÿ ìîãóò ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü òîëüêî â íåñêîëüêèõ ñëîâàõ èëè â ñëîâàõ, êîòîðûå íå ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ. |
| The material below covers typical spelling patterns for English vowel sounds, proceeding from the sound to spelling. If it is more convenient for you to proceed from the letters and letter combinations to the sounds that they represent, you can reorganize this material according to your wish. An example how to do it is given in the file Method 2 in the section Phonetics. | Ìàòåðèàë, ïðèâåäåííûé íèæå, îñâåùàåò òèïè÷íûå âàðèàíòû íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ, èäÿ îò çâóêà ê íàïèñàíèþ. Åñëè âàì áîëåå óäîáíî èäòè îò áóêâ è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèé ê çâóêàì, êîòîðûå îíè ïåðåäàþò, âû ìîæåòå ïðåîáðàçîâàòü äàííûé ìàòåðèàë ñîãëàñíî ñâîåìó æåëàíèþ. Ïðèìåð, êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü, äàí â ôàéëå Method 2 â ðàçäåëå Phonetics. |
| 1. The sound [i:] | 1. Çâóê [i:] |
| Spelling examples: me, Pete, Japanese, equal, rewrite, seem, read, piece, seize, police. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: me, Pete, Japanese, equal, rewrite, seem, read, piece, seize, police. |
| The letter “e” in the open syllable | Áóêâà “e” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the letter “e” in the open syllable of the root: me, be, he, she, we; Pete, eve, these, theme, scene, complete, intervene. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ: me, be, he, she, we; Pete, eve, these, theme, scene, complete, intervene. |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the letter “e” in the open syllable of the suffix: Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Maltese, Portuguese, Lebanese, Burmese, manganese. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå ñóôôèêñà: Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Maltese, Portuguese, Lebanese, Burmese, manganese. |
| The letter “e” in the closed syllable | Áóêâà “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the letter “e” in the closed syllable of the root (hidden [i:]), usually under stress: equal, evening, evil, recent, region, meter, secret, media, demon, female, legal, genius, senior, convenient, frequent, veto, premium, previous. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ (ñêðûòîå [i:]), îáû÷íî ïîä óäàðåíèåì: equal, evening, evil, recent, region, meter, secret, media, demon, female, legal, genius, senior, convenient, frequent, veto, premium, previous. |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the letter “e” in the closed syllable of the prefix (hidden [i:]), stressed or unstressed: rewrite, retell, remake, prehistoric, prewar, premature, prepaid, preview. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå ïðèñòàâêè (ñêðûòîå [i:]), ïîä óäàðåíèåì èëè áåç óäàðåíèÿ: rewrite, retell, remake, prehistoric, prewar, premature, prepaid, preview. |
| The combinations “ee, ea” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ee, ea” |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the combination “ee”: see, free, agree, knee, feel, feed, succeed, keen, seek, seem, screen, deep, greet, sleeve. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ee”: see, free, agree, knee, feel, feed, succeed, keen, seek, seem, screen, deep, greet, sleeve. |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the combination “ea”: sea, tea, peace, teach, lead, read, peak, deal, reveal, scream, team, clean, leap, please, release, beat, beneath, breathe, creature, leave. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ea”: sea, tea, peace, teach, lead (âåñòè), read (÷èòàòü), peak, deal, reveal, scream, team, clean, leap, please, release, beat, beneath, breathe, creature, leave. |
| The combinations “ie, ei” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ie, ei” |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the combination “ie” in the root: piece, field, achieve, believe, relief, brief, chief, fiend, siege, shriek, priest. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ie” â êîðíå: piece, field, achieve, believe, relief, brief, chief, fiend, siege, shriek, priest. |
| The sound [i:] is represented by the combination “ei” in the root: seize, receive, receipt, deceive, conceive, perceive, ceiling, Leigh. | Çâóê [i:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ei” â êîðíå: seize, receive, receipt, deceive, conceive, perceive, ceiling, Leigh. |
| The letter “i” | Áóêâà “i” |
| In the words of foreign origin the sound [i:] may be represented by the letter “i”: police, caprice, gasoline, machine, magazine, marine, routine, vaccine, prestige, regime, reprise, elite, naive, pizza, ski, liter, fatigue, intrigue, antique, physique, unique, technique. | Â ñëîâàõ èíîñòðàííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ çâóê [i:] ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåí áóêâîé “i”: police, caprice, gasoline, machine, magazine, marine, routine, vaccine, prestige, regime, reprise, elite, naive, pizza, ski, liter, fatigue, intrigue, antique, physique, unique, technique. |
| There are several rare spellings for the sound [i:]: key, people, Aesop, Oedipus. | Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ðåäêèõ âàðèàíòîâ íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [i:]: key, people, Aesop, Oedipus. |
| 2. The sound [i] | 2. Çâóê [i] |
| Spelling examples: sit, ignore, public, working, enough, reply, hardness, boxes, symbol, lady, Annie, honey. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: sit, ignore, public, working, enough, reply, hardness, boxes, symbol, lady, Annie, honey. |
| The letter “i” | Áóêâà “i” |
| The short sound [i] is represented by the letter “i” in the closed syllable of the root: it, sit, miss, tip, pick, pin, dinner, bring, list, fill, trim, river, consist. | Êðàòêèé çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “i” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ: it, sit, miss, tip, pick, pin, dinner, bring, list, fill, trim, river, consist. |
| The short sound [i] is represented by the letter “i” in the closed syllable of the prefix: ignore, inform, illogical, immune, irregular. | Êðàòêèé çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “i” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå ïðèñòàâêè: ignore, inform, illogical, immune, irregular. |
| The short sound [i] is represented by the letter “i” in the closed syllable of the suffix or ending: justice, public, habit, native, foolish, working. | Êðàòêèé çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “i” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå ñóôôèêñà èëè îêîí÷àíèÿ:: justice, public, habit, native, foolish, working. |
| The letter “e” | Áóêâà “e” |
| The short sound [i] is represented by the letter “e” in the closed syllable of the root: English, pretty, ecology, enough, eleven, electric. | Êðàòêèé çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ: English, pretty, ecology, enough, eleven, electric. |
| The short sound [i] is represented by the letter “e” in the closed syllable of the prefix: effect, emotion, despair, deny, depart, remove, repair, repeat, reply, preliminary, prepare, prevent, secure. | Êðàòêèé çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå ïðèñòàâêè: effect, emotion, despair, deny, depart, remove, repair, repeat, reply, preliminary, prepare, prevent, secure. |
| The short sound [i] is represented by the letter “e” in the closed syllable of the suffix or ending: hardness, madness, actress, countless, childless, rocket, pocket, boxes, catches, added, counted. | Êðàòêèé çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå ñóôôèêñà èëè îêîí÷àíèÿ: hardness, madness, actress, countless, childless, rocket, pocket, boxes, catches, added, counted. |
| It is very difficult to decide where to say the long sound [i:] and where to say the short sound [i] when they are represented by the letter “e” in the root or prefix. For better memorization, it is advisable to keep a comparison list of such words arranged in two columns. | Î÷åíü òðóäíî ðåøèòü, ãäå ïðîèçíåñòè äîëãèé çâóê [i:], à ãäå êðàòêèé çâóê [i], êîãäà îíè ïåðåäàþòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â êîðíå èëè â ïðèñòàâêå. Äëÿ ëó÷øåãî çàïîìèíàíèÿ öåëåñîîáðàçíî âåñòè ñðàâíèòåëüíûé ñïèñîê òàêèõ ñëîâ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â äâå êîëîíêè. |
| The letter “y” | Áóêâà “y” |
| The sound [i] is represented by the letter “y” in the closed syllable of the root: symbol, lyrics, myriad, hymn, hypnosis, pyramid, sympathy, synchronize, crystal, system, typical, tyranny, mystery, myth, rhythm, antonym, synonym, pseudonym, acronym. | Çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “y” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ: symbol, lyrics, myriad, hymn, hypnosis, pyramid, sympathy, synchronize, crystal, system, typical, tyranny, mystery, myth, rhythm, antonym, synonym, pseudonym, acronym. |
| The sound [i] is represented by the letter “y” in the suffix: lady, family, Daddy, duty, whisky, carry, hurry, funny, happy, busy, dirty, many, very, lovely, nicely, hardly, Larry, Billy, Mary. | Çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “y” â ñóôôèêñå: lady, family, Daddy, duty, whisky, carry, hurry, funny, happy, busy, dirty, many, very, lovely, nicely, hardly, Larry, Billy, Mary. |
| The combinations “ie, ey” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ie, ey” |
| The sound [i] is represented by the combination “ie” in the suffix: Annie, Carrie, Katie, auntie. | Çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ie” â ñóôôèêñå: Annie, Carrie, Katie, auntie. |
| The sound [i] is represented by the combination “ey” in the suffix: honey, hockey, journey, money, monkey, Sydney, Casey, Rodney. | Çâóê [i] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿìè “ie, ey” â ñóôôèêñå: honey, hockey, journey, money, monkey, Sydney, Casey, Rodney. |
| Note: According to many dictionaries, the letter “y” in the suffix (lady) and the combinations “ie, ey” in the suffix (Annie, honey) are pronounced as a shorter variant of the long sound [i:]. | Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Ñîãëàñíî ìíîãèì ñëîâàðÿì, áóêâà “y” â ñóôôèêñå (lady) è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ie, ey” â ñóôôèêñå (Annie, honey) ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ êàê áîëåå êîðîòêèé âàðèàíò äîëãîãî çâóêà [i:]. |
| 3. The sound [e] | 3. Çâóê [e] |
| Spelling examples: end, well, bread, heavy, many. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: end, well, bread, heavy, many. |
| The letter “e” | Áóêâà “e” |
| The sound [e] is represented by the letter “e” in the closed syllable in the root, prefix or suffix: bet, set, well, guest, seldom, every, berry, regular, accept, connect, inspector, impress, address, architect, entrance, entire, enlarge, enjoy. | Çâóê [e] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “e” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ, ïðèñòàâêè èëè ñóôôèêñà: bet, set, well, guest, seldom, every, berry, regular, accept, connect, inspector, impress, address, architect, entrance, entire, enlarge, enjoy. |
| The combination “ea” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ea” |
| There are many words (but still a limited number of them) in which the sound [e] is represented by the combination “ea”. | Åñòü ìíîãî ñëîâ (íî âñå æå èõ îãðàíè÷åííîå ÷èñëî), â êîòîðûõ çâóê [e] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ea”. |
| Learn them by heart: bread, dead, head, header, lead, read, spread, thread, dread, tread, instead; already, ready, steady, meadow; sweat, sweater, threat, threaten; breath, death, health, stealth, wealth; weather, leather, feather; measure, pleasure, treasure, treasury, pleasant, peasant, pheasant; dealt, meant, cleanse, jealous, realm; heaven, heavy, endeavor, deaf; breakfast, breast, treachery, weapon. | Âûó÷èòå èõ íàèçóñòü: bread, dead, head, header, lead (ñâèíåö), read (÷èòàë), spread, thread, dread, tread, instead; already, ready, steady, meadow; sweat, sweater, threat, threaten; breath, death, health, stealth, wealth; weather, leather, feather; measure, pleasure, treasure, treasury, pleasant, peasant, pheasant; dealt, meant, cleanse, jealous, realm; heaven, heavy, endeavor, deaf; breakfast, breast, treachery, weapon. |
| Rare spellings for the sound [e]: any, many, friend, said, says, bury. | Ðåäêèå âàðèàíòû íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [e]: any, many, friend, said, says, bury. |
| 4. The sound [ei] | 4. Çâóê [ei] |
| Spelling examples: age, lake, nation, wait, play, they, eight. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: age, lake, nation, wait, play, they, eight. |
| The letter “a” in the open syllable | Áóêâà “a” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the letter “a” in the open syllable in the root: Kate, ate, late, take, race, name, save, ache, table, cradle, change, strange, paste, waste. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “a” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ: Kate, ate, late, take, race, name, save, ache, table, cradle, change, strange, paste, waste. |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the letter “a” in the open syllable in the suffix: decorate, educate, create, celebrate, concentrate, dictate, investigate, originate. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “a” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå ñóôôèêñà, íàïðèìåð: decorate, educate, create, celebrate, concentrate, dictate, investigate, originate. |
| The letter “a” in the closed syllable | Áóêâà “a” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| In many cases, the letter “a” has the sound [ei] in the closed syllable or in the syllable that is not easily recognizable as an open syllable (hidden [ei]): bacon, baby, lazy, angel, danger, stranger, April, paper, basin, basis, Asia, pastry, nation, patriot, fatal, naval, facial, racial, vacant, ancient, patient, radio. | Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, áóêâà “a” èìååò çâóê [ei] â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå èëè â ñëîãå, êîòîðûé íåëåãêî ðàñïîçíàòü êàê îòêðûòûé ñëîã (ñêðûòîå [ei]): bacon, baby, lazy, angel, danger, stranger, April, paper, basin, basis, Asia, pastry, nation, patriot, fatal, naval, facial, racial, vacant, ancient, patient, radio. |
| The combinations “ai, ei” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ai, ei” |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the combination “ai” before a consonant in the root: aim, aid, sail, tail, main, rain, raise, faint, paint, saint, strait, straight, remain, complain, disdain, explain, restrain. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ai” ïåðåä ñîãëàñíîé â êîðíå: aim, aid, sail, tail, main, rain, raise, faint, paint, saint, strait, straight, remain, complain, disdain, explain, restrain. |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the combination “ei” before a consonant in the root: rein, veil, vein, feign, reign, deign, sleigh, weigh, weight, eight, freight, neighbor. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ei” ïåðåä ñîãëàñíîé â êîðíå: rein, veil, vein, feign, reign, deign, sleigh, weigh, weight, eight, freight, neighbor. |
| The combinations “ay, ey” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ay, ey” |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the combination “ay” at the end of the word: day, gray, may, say, way, hay, play, pray, stay, stray, essay, relay, delay. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ay” â êîíöå ñëîâà: day, gray, may, say, way, hay, play, pray, stay, stray, essay, relay, delay. |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the combination “ey” at the end of the word: they, prey, hey, whey, survey, obey, convey. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ey” â êîíöå ñëîâà: they, prey, hey, whey, survey, obey, convey. |
| Note that the combinations “ei” and “ey”, which usually have the sound [ei] in English words, in some words of foreign origin are pronounced as [ai]: Einstein, Fahrenheit, geyser, Meyer. | Îòìåòüòå, ÷òî áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ei, ey”, êîòîðûå îáû÷íî èìåþò çâóê [ei] â àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâàõ, â íåêîòîðûõ ñëîâàõ èíîñòðàííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ êàê [ai]: Einstein, Fahrenheit, geyser, Meyer. |
| The combination “ea” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ea” |
| The sound [ei] is represented by the combination “ea” in the words “break, great, steak”. | Çâóê [ei] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ea” â ñëîâàõ “break, great, steak”. |
| The words of French origin | Ñëîâà ôðàíöóçñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ |
| In the words of French origin, the final sound [ei] may be represented in writing by the letters “e, ee, et”, for example: cafe, attache, pate, resume, fiance, fiancee, divorcee, matinee; ballet, beret, buffet, bouquet, filet, gourmet. |  ñëîâàõ ôðàíöóçñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ êîíå÷íûé çâóê [ei] ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå áóêâàìè “e, ee, et”, íàïðèìåð: cafe, attache, pate, resume, fiance, fiancee, divorcee, matinee; ballet, beret, buffet, bouquet, filet, gourmet. |
| There are also a few words that end in “ee” that has the sound [i:], for example: trainee, refugee, employee; and a number of English words ending in “et” ([it]), for example: bullet, wallet, skillet, packet, picket, rocket. It's a good idea to organize them all in columns for comparison. | Åñòü òàêæå íåñêîëüêî ñëîâ, êîòîðûå îêàí÷èâàþòñÿ íà ñî÷åòàíèå “ee”, èìåþùåå çâóê [i:], íàïðèìåð: trainee, refugee, employee; à òàêæå ðÿä àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ íà “et” ([it]), íàïðèìåð: bullet, wallet, skillet, packet, picket, rocket. Ïîëåçíî ðàñïîëîæèòü èõ âñå â êîëîíêàõ äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ. |
| 5. The sound [a]/[æ] as in “cat” | 5. Çâóê [a]/[æ] êàê â ñëîâå “cat” |
| Spelling examples: bad, sat, bank, stand, family, accident, apple. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: bad, sat, bank, stand, family, accident, apple. |
| The letter “a” in the closed syllable | Áóêâà “a” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| In American English, the letter “a” under stress in the closed syllable is usually pronounced [a]/[æ]: ask, task, fast, last, contrast, master, disaster, castle, answer, act, pack, actor, factory, add, mad, staff, after, class, glass, grass, jazz, chance, dance, land, handle, command, talent, example, happy, happen, travel, fashion, bath, matter, Manhattan. |  àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì áóêâà “a” ïîä óäàðåíèåì â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå îáû÷íî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [a]/[æ]: ask, task, fast, last, contrast, master, disaster, castle, answer, act, pack, actor, factory, add, mad, staff, after, class, glass, grass, jazz, chance, dance, land, handle, command, talent, example, happy, happen, travel, fashion, bath, matter, Manhattan. |
| In British English, the letter “a” in some of these words is pronounced [a:]: class, dance, answer, master, castle, fast, disaster, etc. | Â áðèòàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì áóêâà “a” â íåêîòîðûõ èç ýòèõ ñëîâ ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [a:]: class, dance, answer, master, castle, fast, disaster, è ò.ä. |
| Pay attention, that the sound [ei] represented by the letter “a”, may change to [a] in some derivatives, for example: Nature [ei] - natural [a]; nation [ei] - national [a]; sane [ei] - sanity [a], vain - vanity. | Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå, ÷òî çâóê [ei], ïðåäñòàâëåííûé áóêâîé “a”, ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ íà çâóê [a] â íåêîòîðûõ ïðîèçâîäíûõ ñëîâàõ, íàïðèìåð: Nature [ei] - natural [a]; nation [ei] - national [a]; sane [ei] - sanity [a], vain - vanity. |
| Rare spelling for [a] (AmE): aunt, laugh. | Ðåäêîå íàïèñàíèå äëÿ [a] (AmE): aunt, laugh. |
| 6. The sound [a:] | 6. Çâóê [a:] |
| Spelling examples: army, regard, father, calm, bravo, mirage. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: army, regard, father, calm, bravo, mirage. |
| The combination “ar” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ar” |
| The sound [a:] is represented by the combination “ar” in the root, usually under stress: arm, art, car, card, yard, part, charge, large, margin, argue, guard, regard, pardon, market. | Çâóê [a:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ar” â êîðíå, îáû÷íî ïîä óäàðåíèåì: arm, art, car, card, yard, part, charge, large, margin, argue, guard, regard, pardon, market. |
| The letter “a” | Áóêâà “a” |
| In American English, the sound [a:] is represented by the letter “a” in several English words: father, Pa, Papa, Ma, Mama; calm, palm, balm, alms, psalm (the letter “l” in these words is silent). | Â àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì, çâóê [a:] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “a” â íåñêîëüêèõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâàõ: father, Pa, Papa, Ma, Mama; calm, palm, balm, alms, psalm (áóêâà “l” â ýòèõ ñëîâàõ íåìàÿ). |
| The letter “a” represents the sound [a:] in some words of foreign origin: drama, Panama, saga, cantata, sonata, spa, bravo, aria, lama; entree, ensemble; mirage, garage, espionage, sabotage, massage, facade. | Áóêâà “a” ïåðåäàåò çâóê [a:] â íåêîòîðûõ ñëîâàõ èíîñòðàííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ: drama, Panama, saga, cantata, sonata, spa, bravo, aria, lama; entree, ensemble; mirage, garage, espionage, sabotage, massage, facade. |
| The sounds [a] and [a:] in BrE and AmE | Çâóêè [a] è [a:] â BrE è AmE |
| Note that in British English, the letter “a” represents the sound [a]/[æ] as in “cat” in a number of words with the letter “a” in the closed syllable, and the sound [a:] in the words where “a” is before “f, ff, ph, s, ss, th, nce, nd” and some other consonants. In American English, the letter “a” in the closed syllable is usually pronounced [a]/[æ] as in “cat” in all cases. | Îòìåòüòå, ÷òî â áðèòàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì áóêâà “a” ïåðåäàåò çâóê [a] êàê â ñëîâå “cat” â ðÿäå ñëîâ ñ áóêâîé “a” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå è ïðè ýòîì ïåðåäàåò çâóê [a:] â òåõ ñëîâàõ, ãäå áóêâà “a” ñòîèò ïåðåä “f, ff, ph, s, ss, th, nce, nd” è íåêîòîðûìè äðóãèìè ñîãëàñíûìè.  àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì áóêâà “a” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå îáû÷íî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [a]/[æ] êàê â ñëîâå “cat” âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ. |
| Examples of the words with AmE [a]/[æ] or BrE [a:]: ask, task, fast, last, staff, after, draft, class, glass, grass, chance, dance, castle, answer, master, disaster, example, command, demand, grasp, bath, path, etc. | Ïðèìåðû ñëîâ ñ AmE [a]/[æ] èëè BrE [a:]: ask, task, fast, last, staff, after, draft, class, glass, grass, chance, dance, castle, answer, master, disaster, example, command, demand, grasp, bath, path, è ò.ä. |
| Rare spelling for [a:]: sergeant, heart; (BrE) aunt, laugh. | Ðåäêîå íàïèñàíèå äëÿ [a:]: sergeant, heart; (BrE) aunt, laugh. |
| 7. The sound [ai] | 7. Çâóê [ai] |
| Spelling examples: nice, surprise, minus, private, type, reply, dynamic, find, light, tie. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: nice, surprise, minus, private, type, reply, dynamic, find, light, tie. |
| The letter “i” in the open syllable | Áóêâà “i” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [ai] is represented by the letter “i” in the open syllable of the root or suffix: ice, nice, ride, life, file, smile, line, pipe, quite, wise, hi, polite, surprise, prize, organize, modernize, combine, arrive. | Çâóê [ai] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “i” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ èëè ñóôôèêñà: ice, nice, ride, life, file, smile, line, pipe, quite, wise, hi, polite, surprise, prize, organize, modernize, combine, arrive. |
| The letter “i” in the closed syllable | Áóêâà “i” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [ai] is represented by the letter “i”, stressed or unstressed, in the closed syllable of the root or prefix (hidden [ai]): idea, identical, idol, isolation, item, science, society, client, crisis, climate, minus, private, library, finance, horizon, diagram, dial, bicycle, biography, digest, digress. | Çâóê [ai] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “i”, ïîä óäàðåíèåì èëè áåç óäàðåíèÿ, â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ èëè ïðèñòàâêè (ñêðûòîå [ai]): idea, identical, idol, isolation, item, science, society, client, crisis, climate, minus, private, library, finance, horizon, diagram, dial, bicycle, biography, digest, digress. |
| The letter “y” | Áóêâà “y” |
| The sound [ai] is represented by the letter “y” in English words and in many words of Greek and Latin origin: by, my, cry, dry, fry, sky; style, type, hype, rhyme; deny, rely, apply, reply, satisfy, modify, signify; analyze, paralyze; cyber, cycle, cyclone, dynamic, dynamite, hybrid, hyphen, nylon, hyperactive, hypodermic, psychopath, psychiatrist. | Çâóê [ai] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “y” â àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâàõ è âî ìíîãèõ ñëîâàõ ãðå÷åñêîãî è ëàòèíñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ: by, my, cry, dry, fry, sky; style, type, hype, rhyme; deny, rely, apply, reply, satisfy, modify, signify; analyze, paralyze; cyber, cycle, cyclone, dynamic, dynamite, hybrid, hyphen, nylon, hyperactive, hypodermic, psychopath, psychiatrist. |
| Other spelling variants for the sound [ai] | Äðóãèå âàðèàíòû íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [ai] |
| The sound [ai] is also represented by other spelling variants in a limited number of words. | Çâóê [ai] òàêæå ïðåäñòàâëåí äðóãèìè âàðèàíòàìè íàïèñàíèÿ â îãðàíè÷åííîì ÷èñëå ñëîâ. |
| Before “ld, nd” and some other consonant combinations: child, mild, wild; climb; find, kind, mind, blind; rifle, trifle, title, idle, Bible. | Ïåðåä “ld, nd” è íåêîòîðûìè äðóãèìè ñî÷åòàíèÿìè ñîãëàñíûõ: child, mild, wild; climb; find, kind, mind, blind; rifle, trifle, title, idle, Bible. |
| Before “gh, ght, gn”: high, sigh, thigh; fight, light, night, right; sign, align, benign, malign. | Ïåðåä “gh, ght, gn”: high, sigh, thigh; fight, light, night, right; sign, align, benign, malign. |
| Combinations “ie, ei, ey, uy”: die, tie, lie, pie, vie; dye, lye, rye, bye; height, either, neither; eye, geyser; buy, guy. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ie, ei, ey, uy”: die, tie, lie, pie, vie; dye, lye, rye, bye; height, either, neither, eye, geyser; buy, guy. |
| Latin plural ending “i”: alumni, fungi, stimuli, alkali, alibi. (Nouns with Latin plural endings are listed in the file Irregular Plural Nouns in the section Writing.) | Ëàòèíñêîå îêîí÷àíèå ìí. ÷èñëà “i”: alumni, fungi, stimuli, alkali, alibi. (Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ñ ëàòèíñêèìè îêîí÷àíèÿìè ìí. ÷èñëà ïðèâåäåíû â ôàéëå Irregular Plural Nouns â ðàçäåëå Writing.) |
| 8. The sound [au] | 8. Çâóê [au] |
| Spelling examples: how, brown, out, noun. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: how, brown, out, noun. |
| The combinations “ow, ou” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ow, ou” |
| The sound [au] is represented by the combination “ow”: now, how, cow, row, bow, brow, allow, Dow, plow, crowd, owl, fowl, howl, down, gown, town, clown, brown, drown, crown, browse, browser, powder, prowler. | Çâóê [au] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ow”: now, how, cow, row, bow, brow, allow, Dow, plow, crowd, owl, fowl, howl, down, gown, town, clown, brown, drown, crown, browse, browser, powder, prowler. |
| The sound [au] is represented by the combination “ou”: out, about, doubt, couch, cloud, loud, proud, foul, noun, ounce, bounce, announce, found, pound, ground, hound, around, sound, surround, count, account, amount, mountain, house, mouse, louse, blouse, mouth, south, scout, shout, bough, plough, drought. | Çâóê [au] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ou”: out, about, doubt, couch, cloud, loud, proud, foul, noun, ounce, bounce, announce, found, pound, ground, hound, around, sound, surround, count, account, amount, mountain, house, mouse, louse, blouse, mouth, south, scout, shout, bough, plough, drought. |
| It is pretty difficult to decide where to say [ou] and where to say [au] when they are represented by the combination “ow” in writing, for example: own - owl, bowl - brown, mow - pow, etc., and besides, there are a few homonyms among them that are spelled the same but pronounced differently, for example, row: [rou] and [rau], bow: [bou] and [bau], sow [sou] and [sau], etc. It's advisable to keep a comparison list of such words. | Äîâîëüíî òðóäíî ðåøèòü, ãäå ïðîèçíåñòè çâóê [ou], à ãäå çâóê [au], êîãäà îíè ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ïèñüìå ñî÷åòàíèåì “ow”, íàïðèìåð: own - owl, bowl - brown, mow - pow è äð., è êðîìå òîãî, ñðåäè íèõ åñòü íåñêîëüêî îìîíèìîâ, êîòîðûå ïèøóòñÿ îäèíàêîâî, íî ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó, íàïðèìåð, row: [rou] è [rau], bow: [bou] è [bau], sow: [sou] è [sau], è ò.ä. Öåëåñîîáðàçíî âåñòè ñðàâíèòåëüíûé ñïèñîê òàêèõ ñëîâ. |
| It is also pretty difficult to decide where to write “ow” and where to write “ou”, for example, fowl - foul, browse - blouse. It's useful to have a comparison list of such words, too. | Òàêæå äîâîëüíî òðóäíî ðåøèòü, ãäå ïèñàòü “ow”, à ãäå ïèñàòü “ou”, íàïðèìåð, fowl - foul, browse - blouse. Ïîëåçíî èìåòü ñðàâíèòåëüíûé ñïèñîê è òàêèõ ñëîâ. |
| 9. The sounds [u:] and [yu:] | 9. Çâóêè [u:] è [yu:] |
| Spelling examples: use, rude, food, do, few, blue, group. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: use, rude, food, do, few, blue, group. |
| Spelling patterns for the sound [u:] | Ìîäåëè íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [u:] |
| The letter “u” and the combinations “ew, eu, ue, ui” represent the sound [u:] after the consonants “r, l, j, ch”. The vowel “o” and the combinations “oo, ou” represent the sound [u:]. | Áóêâà “u” è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ew, eu, ue, ui” ïåðåäàþò çâóê [u:] ïîñëå ñîãëàñíûõ áóêâ “r, l, j, ch”. Ãëàñíàÿ “o” è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “oo, ou” ïåðåäàþò çâóê [u:]. |
| Letter “u” as [u:]: rude, crude, rule, rumor, brutal, prune; Lucy, Luke, lumen, flute; judicial, June, junior, Julia, judo; chute, parachute. | Áóêâà “u” as [u:]: rude, crude, rule, rumor, brutal, prune; Lucy, Luke, lumen, flute; judicial, June, junior, Julia, judo; chute, parachute. |
| Letter “o” as [u:]: do, two, who, whom, whose, lose, move, prove, improve, tomb, womb. | Áóêâà “o” as [u:]: do, two, who, whom, whose, lose, move, prove, improve, tomb, womb. |
| Combination “oo” as [u:]: food, mood, room, cool, pool, school, scoop, moon, cartoon, tooth, boots, poodle, ooze, choose, soothe, shoot, too, zoo, bamboo, taboo, kangaroo, shampoo, tattoo. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “oo” as [u:]: food, mood, room, cool, pool, school, scoop, moon, cartoon, tooth, boots, poodle, ooze, choose, soothe, shoot, too, zoo, bamboo, taboo, kangaroo, shampoo, tattoo. |
| Combination “ou” as [u:]: group, soup, loupe, cougar, coupon, mousse, route, routine, wound, souvenir, through, rouge. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ou” as [u:]: group, soup, loupe, cougar, coupon, mousse, route, routine, wound, souvenir, through, rouge. |
| Combination “oe” as [u:]: shoe, canoe. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “oe” as [u:]: shoe, canoe. |
| Combination “ew” as [u:]: jewel, Jew, flew, blew, chew, crew, screw. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ew” as [u:]: jewel, Jew, flew, blew, chew, crew, screw. |
| Combination “ue” as [u:]: true, blue, clue, glue. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ue” as [u:]: true, blue, clue, glue. |
| Combination “ui” as [u:]: juice, fruit, bruise, cruise, recruit, sluice. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ui” as [u:]: juice, fruit, bruise, cruise, recruit, sluice. |
| Spelling patterns for the sound [yu:] | Ìîäåëè íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [yu:] |
| The letter “u” and the combinations “ew, eu, ue, ui” represent the sound [yu:] after all other consonants (except “r, l, j, ch”), and the letter “u” is pronounced [yu:] when it starts the word. | Áóêâà “u” è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ew, eu, ue, ui” ïåðåäàþò çâóê [yu:] ïîñëå âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ñîãëàñíûõ áóêâ (êðîìå “r, l, j, ch”), à áóêâà “u” ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [yu:], êîãäà îíà íà÷èíàåò ñëîâî. |
| Letter “u” as [yu:]: use, usual, union, unit, unite, unique, universal, university, urine, utility, utensil, ubiquitous. | Áóêâà “u” as [yu:]: use, usual, union, unit, unite, unique, universal, university, urine, utility, utensil, ubiquitous. |
| Letter “u” as [yu:]: fume, funeral, fuse, refuse, fuel; cube, cute, vacuum; music, museum, amuse, community, immune, mute; pupil, human, humor, huge, Hugh. | Áóêâà “u” as [yu:]: fume, funeral, fuse, refuse, fuel; cube, cute, vacuum; music, museum, amuse, community, immune, mute; pupil, human, humor, huge, Hugh. |
| Letter “u” as [yu:]: duty, due, produce, tulip, tune, student; nude, nuclear, numeral, menu; super, Susan, consumer. | Áóêâà “u” as [yu:]: duty, due, produce, tulip, tune, student; nude, nuclear, numeral, menu; super, Susan, consumer. |
| Combination “ew” as [yu:]: few, nephew, view, dew, new, mew, pew. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ew” as [yu:]: few, nephew, view, dew, new, mew, pew. |
| Combination “eu” as [yu:]: eucalyptus, euphemism, feud, neurotic, neutral. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “eu” as [yu:]: eucalyptus, euphemism, feud, neurotic, neutral. |
| Combinations “ue, ui” as [yu:]: hue, sue, pursue, suit. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ue, ui” as [yu:]: hue, sue, pursue, suit. |
| After “y” always [yu:]: yule, yuletide, Yukon; youth, yew. | Ïîñëå “y” âñåãäà [yu:]: yule, yuletide, Yukon; youth, yew. |
| Rare spelling for [yu:]: beauty. | Ðåäêîå íàïèñàíèå äëÿ [yu:]: beauty. |
| Note AmE: | Ïðèìå÷àíèå AmE: |
| In American English, the sound [u:], not [yu:], is usually pronounced after the consonants “d, t, n, s”, though both variants are considered standard. Examples: duty [`du:ti], dew [du:], due [du:], dual; tune [tu:n], tulip [`tu:lip], student; new [nu:], nude [nu:d], nuclear; sue [su:], pursue, super [`su:per], suit [su:t]. |  àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì çâóê [u:], à íå [yu:], îáû÷íî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ïîñëå ñîãëàñíûõ “d, t, n, s”, õîòÿ îáà âàðèàíòà ñ÷èòàþòñÿ ñòàíäàðòîì. Ïðèìåðû: duty [`du:ti], dew [du:], due [du:], dual; tune [tu:n], tulip [`tu:lip], student; new [nu:], nude [nu:d], nuclear; sue [su:], pursue, super [`su:per], suit [su:t]. |
| 10. The sound [u] | 10. Çâóê [u] |
| Spelling examples: book, good, pull, sugar, could. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: book, good, pull, sugar, could. |
| Spelling patterns for the short sound [u] | Ìîäåëè íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ êðàòêîãî çâóêà [u] |
| Combination “oo”: book, cook, look, hook, shook, took, good, stood, wood, hood, childhood, foot, wool, broom, rookie. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “oo”: book, cook, look, hook, shook, took, good, stood, wood, hood, childhood, foot, wool, broom, rookie. |
| Letter “u”: put, push, pull, bush, bull, bullet, full, pudding, sugar, cushion, butcher. | Áóêâà “u”: put, push, pull, bush, bull, bullet, full, pudding, sugar, cushion, butcher. |
| Letter “o”: wolf, woman; | Áóêâà “o”: wolf, woman; |
| Combination “ou”: could, should, would. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ou”: could, should, would. |
| It is quite difficult to decide where to say the long sound [u:] and where to say the short sound [u] when they are represented by the combination “oo” (and, to a lesser extent, by the letter “u”). It's advisable to keep a comparison list of such words. In some cases, there are two variants of pronunciation: room - [ru:m] / [rum]; roof - [ru:f] / [ruf]; hoop - [hu:p] / [hup], soot - [sut] / [su:t]. | Äîâîëüíî òðóäíî ðåøèòü, ãäå ïðîèçíåñòè äîëãèé çâóê [u:], à ãäå êðàòêèé çâóê [u], êîãäà îíè ïðåäñòàâëåíû áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “oo” (è áóêâîé “u”, õîòÿ è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè). Öåëåñîîáðàçíî âåñòè ñðàâíèòåëüíûé ñïèñîê òàêèõ ñëîâ.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ åñòü äâà âàðèàíòà ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ, íàïðèìåð: room - [ru:m] / [rum]; roof - [ru:f] / [ruf]; hoop - [hu:p] / [hup], soot - [sut] / [su:t]. |
| 11. The sound [o:] | 11. Çâóê [o:] |
| Spelling examples: more, order, law, call, cause, caught, bought, course, war, water. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: more, order, law, call, cause, caught, bought, course, war, water. |
| Spelling patterns for the sound [o:] | Ìîäåëè íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [o:] |
| Combinations “or, ore”: cord, Ford, form, born, corn, torn, short, sport, torch, porch; orange, order, orient, normal, mortal, sorry, story, glory, borrow, sorrow, forum, morning; bore, more, before, shore, sore, store, tore, explore, ignore. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “or, ore”: cord, Ford, form, born, corn, torn, short, sport, torch, porch; orange, order, orient, normal, mortal, sorry, story, glory, borrow, sorrow, forum, morning; bore, more, before, shore, sore, store, tore, explore, ignore. |
| Combination “aw”: law, draw, drawer, saw, thaw, crawl, shawl, dawn, lawn, awful, awkward. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “aw”: law, draw, drawer, saw, thaw, crawl, shawl, dawn, lawn, awful, awkward. |
| Combinations “al, all”: all, ball, call, fall, hall, wall, appall, alter, always, already, walk, talk, chalk, false, salt, halt. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “al, all”: all, ball, call, fall, hall, wall, appall, alter, always, already, walk, talk, chalk, false, salt, halt. |
| Combination “au”: cause, pause, applause, sauce, audio, audience, fraud, August, auto, author, Paul, fault, launch, laundry. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “au”: cause, pause, applause, sauce, audio, audience, fraud, August, auto, author, Paul, fault, launch, laundry. |
| Combination “aught”: caught, taught, daughter, slaughter, haughty. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “aught”: caught, taught, daughter, slaughter, haughty. |
| Combination “ought”: bought, brought, fought, ought, sought, thought, cough. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ought”: bought, brought, fought, ought, sought, thought, cough. |
| Combinations “our, oar, oor”: course, court, four, mourn, pour, source, your; board, hoarse, hoard, roar, soar, broad; door, floor. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “our, oar, oor”: course, court, four, mourn, pour, source, your; board, hoarse, hoard, roar, soar, broad; door, floor. |
| Combinations “war, wa”: war, warm, ward, warden, warn, warning, award, reward; water, want, wand, wash, wasp, watch, swamp, swan. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “war, wa”: war, warm, ward, warden, warn, warning, award, reward; water, want, wand, wash, wasp, watch, swamp, swan. |
| Combinations “quar, quan, quadr”: quart, quarter, headquarters, quantity, quantum, quality, quadrant. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “quar, quan, quadr”: quart, quarter, headquarters, quantity, quantum, quality, quadrant. |
| Letter “o” as [o:] in AmE: long, wrong, boss, lost, cost, dog, gone, coffee. | Áóêâà “o” êàê [o:] â AmE: long, wrong, boss, lost, cost, dog, gone, coffee. |
| There are several spelling variants for the sound [o:] that are also used for other sounds, for example, door [o:] - poor [u], pour [o:] - tour [u], cost [o:] - post [ou], etc. However, the spelling patterns for the sound [o:] are quite recognizable and should be easy to memorize. | Åñòü íåñêîëüêî âàðèàíòîâ íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [o:], êîòîðûå òàêæå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ äðóãèõ çâóêîâ, íàïðèìåð, door [o:] - poor [u], pour [o:] - tour [u], cost [o:] - post [ou], è ò.ä. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìîäåëè íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [o:] âïîëíå óçíàâàåìûå è äîëæíû ëåãêî çàïîìèíàòüñÿ. |
| Short [o] in BrE and long [o] in AmE | Êðàòêèé [o] â BrE è äîëãèé [o] â AmE |
| It is interesting to note that in American English there is no sound like the British short sound [o]. Instead of it, the sound that sounds like a hybrid of the long sounds [o:] and [a:] is pronounced in American English where British English has the short sound [o]. This hybrid American sound often clearly sounds like long [a:] and is shown in American transcription as [o] or [a:]. The same hybrid sound [o] / [a:] is often pronounced in American English in the words like “daughter, ought, water”, in which long [o:] is considered to be standard. But long [o:] always remains [o:] in the stressed syllable before [r]: more [mo:r], lord [lo:rd], normal, port. | Èíòåðåñíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì íåò òàêîãî çâóêà, êàê áðèòàíñêèé êðàòêèé çâóê [o]. Âìåñòî íåãî, çâóê, êîòîðûé çâó÷èò êàê ãèáðèä äîëãèõ çâóêîâ [o:] è [a:], ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ â àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì òàì, ãäå â áðèòàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì êðàòêèé çâóê [o]. Ýòîò ãèáðèäíûé àìåðèêàíñêèé çâóê ÷àñòî çâó÷èò ÿâíî êàê äîëãèé çâóê [a:] è ïîêàçûâàåòñÿ â àìåðèêàíñêîé òðàíñêðèïöèè êàê [o] èëè [a:]. Òîò æå ãèáðèäíûé çâóê [o] / [a:] ÷àñòî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ â AmE â ñëîâàõ òèïà “daughter, ought, water”, â êîòîðûõ äîëãîå [o:] ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ñòàíäàðòîì. Îäíàêî äîëãîå [o:] âñåãäà îñòàåòñÿ [o:] â óäàðíîì ñëîãå ïåðåä [r]: more [mo:r], lord [lo:rd], normal, port. |
| Examples of the words with BrE short [o] or AmE hybrid long [o] / [a:]: got, not, hot, stop, rob, odd, off, dog, log, clock, coffee, gone, long, song, cost, loss, boss, bomb, bond, soft, often, body, hobby, dollar, doctor, document, occupy, college, compliment, conference, model, monitor, option, follow, tomorrow, sorry, orange; want, wash, watch, what, swamp, swallow, swan. | Ïðèìåðû ñëîâ ñ BrE êðàòêèì [o] èëè AmE ãèáðèäíûì äîëãèì [o] / [a:]: got, not, hot, stop, rob, odd, off, dog, log, clock, coffee, gone, long, song, cost, loss, boss, bomb, bond, soft, often, body, hobby, dollar, doctor, document, occupy, college, compliment, conference, model, monitor, option, follow, tomorrow, sorry, orange; want, wash, watch, what, swamp, swallow, swan. |
| This peculiar sound, as well as the sound [r] that is pronounced in all positions, and the sound [a]/[æ] in the words like “class, fast, demand, dance” give American English its characteristic accent. | Ýòîò ñâîåîáðàçíûé çâóê, à òàêæå çâóê [r], êîòîðûé ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ âî âñåõ ïîëîæåíèÿõ, è çâóê [a]/[æ] â ñëîâàõ òèïà “class, fast, demand, dance”, ïðèäàþò àìåðèêàíñêîìó àíãëèéñêîìó åãî õàðàêòåðíûé àêöåíò. |
| 12. The sound [oi] | 12. Çâóê [oi] |
| Spelling examples: boil, noise, toy, loyal. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: boil, noise, toy, loyal. |
| The combinations “oi, oy” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “oi, oy” |
| The sound [oi] is represented in writing by the combination “oi”: oil, ointment, boil, foil, spoil, toil, coin, join, voice, void, avoid, point, appoint, noise, poison, hoist, moist, exploit, loiter, embroidery. | Çâóê [oi] ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “oi”: oil, ointment, boil, foil, spoil, toil, coin, join, voice, void, avoid, point, appoint, noise, poison, hoist, moist, exploit, loiter, embroidery. |
| The sound [oi] is represented in writing by the combination “oy”: boy, joy, ploy, soy, toy, annoy, destroy, employ, corduroy, oyster, loyal, royal, voyage. | Çâóê [oi] ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “oy”: boy, joy, ploy, soy, toy, annoy, destroy, employ, corduroy, oyster, loyal, royal, voyage. |
| 13. The sound [ou] | 13. Çâóê [ou] |
| Spelling examples: home, post, bonus, hero, know, road. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: home, post, bonus, hero, know, road. |
| The letter “o” in the open syllable | Áóêâà “o” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the letter “o” in the open syllable of the root: home, role, cone, stone, hope, note, close, remote, suppose, homeless, lonely, hopeful. | Çâóê [ou] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “o” â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ: home, role, cone, stone, hope, note, close, remote, suppose, homeless, lonely, hopeful. |
| The letter “o” in the closed syllable | Áóêâà “o” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the letter “o” in the closed syllable of the root, often before “l”: old, bold, cold, hold, sold, bolt, colt, roll, poll, toll, control, folk, yolk, most, post, host, ghost, gross, both, comb, don't, won't. | Çâóê [ou] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “o” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ, ÷àñòî ïåðåä “l”: old, bold, cold, hold, sold, bolt, colt, roll, poll, toll, control, folk, yolk, most, post, host, ghost, gross, both, comb, don't, won't. |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the letter “o” in the closed syllable of the root or prefix, or in the syllable that is not easily recognizable as an open syllable (hidden [ou]): open, obey, ocean, omit, omen, opal, potent, polar, solar, motor, rotor, modal, total, moment, rodent, bonus, focus, notice, social, donate, donut, vogue, rogue, soldier, pronoun, prohibition, coworker, coeducation. | Çâóê [ou] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “o” â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå êîðíÿ èëè ïðèñòàâêè, èëè â ñëîãå, êîòîðûé íåëåãêî ðàñïîçíàòü êàê îòêðûòûé ñëîã (ñêðûòîå [ou]): open, obey, ocean, omit, omen, opal, potent, polar, solar, motor, rotor, modal, total, moment, rodent, bonus, focus, notice, social, donate, donut, vogue, rogue, soldier, pronoun, prohibition, coworker, coeducation. |
| The letter “o” in the final position | Áóêâà “o” â êîíå÷íîì ïîëîæåíèè |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the letter “o” in the final position in the word: go, no, pro, so, cargo, echo, hero, zero, piano, potato, tomato, mosquito, radio, studio, Mexico, Idaho, motto, logo, veto. | Çâóê [ou] ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “o” â êîíå÷íîì ïîëîæåíèè â ñëîâå: go, no, pro, so, cargo, echo, hero, zero, piano, potato, tomato, mosquito, radio, studio, Mexico, Idaho, motto, logo, veto. |
| The combinations “ow, oa” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “ow, oa” |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the letter combination “ow”: know, low, show, row, tow, owe, grow, throw, blow, flow; bowl, own, blown, flown, grown, shown, thrown, growth; follow, hollow, borrow, narrow, window, yellow. | Çâóê [ou] ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “ow”: know, low, show, row, tow, owe, grow, throw, blow, flow; bowl, own, blown, flown, grown, shown, thrown, growth; follow, hollow, borrow, narrow, window, yellow. |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the letter combination “oa”: oat, oak, coal, goal, load, road, boat, coat, soak, toast, roast, coast, boast, coach, approach, cockroach. | Çâóê [ou] ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “oa”: oat, oak, coal, goal, load, road, boat, coat, soak, toast, roast, coast, boast, coach, approach, cockroach. |
| The combinations “oe, ough, ou” | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “oe, ough, ou” |
| The sound [ou] is represented by the combinations “oe, ough, ou” in a limited number of words: toe, roe, doe, foe, woe; though, although, dough; soul, shoulder, poultry, boulder, mould / mold. | Çâóê [ou] ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ïèñüìå áóêâîñî÷åòàíèÿìè “oe, ough, ou” â îãðàíè÷åííîì ÷èñëå ñëîâ: toe, roe, doe, foe, woe; though, although, dough; soul, shoulder, poultry, boulder, mould / mold. |
| Because the letter “o” can represent different vowel sounds, e.g. [ou], [o:], [o], the neutral sound [ə], and also forms a number of combinations with the other vowels, it's most useful to study its pronunciation by arranging the words with the letter “o” in columns according to the sound it represents. | Ïîñêîëüêó áóêâà “o” ìîæåò ïåðåäàâàòü ðàçíûå ãëàñíûå çâóêè, íàïðèìåð, [ou], [o:], [o], íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê [ə], à òàêæå îáðàçóåò ðÿä áóêâîñî÷åòàíèé ñ äðóãèìè ãëàñíûìè, î÷åíü ïîëåçíî èçó÷àòü åå ïðîèçíîøåíèå, ðàñïîëîæèâ ñëîâà ñ áóêâîé “o” â êîëîíêàõ ñîãëàñíî çâóêó, êîòîðûé îíà ïåðåäàåò. |
| 14. The sound [er] as in “sir” | 14. Çâóê [er] êàê â ñëîâå “sir” |
| Spelling examples: verb, turn, first, learn, work, journey, dollar. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: verb, turn, first, learn, work, journey, dollar. |
| The sound [er]/[ər] is represented by the combination “vowel + r” in the root, prefix or suffix, under stress or unstressed. The combination “ar” represents the sound [er] only in an unstressed position, usually in the suffix. The sound [r] is pronounced in this combination in all positions in American English. All vowels can form this combination. | Çâóê [er]/[ər] ïåðåäàåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì “ãëàñíàÿ + r” â êîðíå, ïðèñòàâêå èëè ñóôôèêñå, ïîä óäàðåíèåì èëè áåç óäàðåíèÿ. Ñî÷åòàíèå “ar” ïåðåäàåò çâóê [er] òîëüêî â áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè, îáû÷íî â ñóôôèêñå. Çâóê [r] ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ â ýòîì áóêâîñî÷åòàíèè âî âñåõ ïîëîæåíèÿõ â àìåðèêàíñêîì àíãëèéñêîì. Âñå ãëàñíûå áóêâû ìîãóò îáðàçîâûâàòü ýòî ñî÷åòàíèå. |
| Spelling patterns for the sound [er]/[ər] | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ çâóêà [er]/[ər] |
| Combination “er”: her, verb, serve, were, certain, person, concern, emergency, energy, perceive, percent, prefer, teacher, mister, buyer, finger, better, powder. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “er”: her, verb, serve, were, certain, person, concern, emergency, energy, perceive, percent, prefer, teacher, mister, buyer, finger, better, powder. |
| Combination “ur”: urge, fur, turn, curse, purse, purr, hurry, current, occur, curtain, furnish, turkey, purpose, pursue, disturb, pleasure, lecture, pressure. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ur”: urge, fur, turn, curse, purse, purr, hurry, current, occur, curtain, furnish, turkey, purpose, pursue, disturb, pleasure, lecture, pressure. |
| Combination “ir”: sir, fir, girl, bird, stir, shirt, skirt, third, whirl, circle, circus, dirty, thirsty. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ir”: sir, fir, girl, bird, stir, shirt, skirt, third, whirl, circle, circus, dirty, thirsty. |
| Combination “ear”: learn, heard, search, early, earn, earth, pearl, yearn, rehearse. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ear”: learn, heard, search, early, earn, earth, pearl, yearn, rehearse. |
| Combination “or”: word, work, worm, world, worry, worse, worth; attorney, forgive, forget, doctor, visitor, favor, effort, comfort. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “or”: word, work, worm, world, worry, worse, worth; attorney, forgive, forget, doctor, visitor, favor, effort, comfort. |
| Combination “our”: courage, courtesy, journey, journal, glamour. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “our”: courage, courtesy, journey, journal, glamour. |
| Combination “ar”: dollar, collar, grammar, sugar, solar, vulgar, anarchy, monarchy, beggar, coward, hazard. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ar”: dollar, collar, grammar, sugar, solar, vulgar, anarchy, monarchy, beggar, coward, hazard. |
| Combination “yr”: martyr, satyr, zephyr. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “yr”: martyr, satyr, zephyr. |
| Combination “eur”: amateur, connoisseur, chauffeur. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “eur”: amateur, connoisseur, chauffeur. |
| It is quite easy to memorize the spelling of the words with the sound [er] by comparing their spelling variants in columns. | Äîâîëüíî ëåãêî çàïîìíèòü íàïèñàíèå ñëîâ ñî çâóêîì [er] ïóòåì ñðàâíåíèÿ âàðèàíòîâ íàïèñàíèÿ ýòèõ ñëîâ â êîëîíêàõ. |
| 15. The neutral sound as in “but” | 15. Íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê êàê â ñëîâå “but” |
| Spelling examples: about, son, much, rough, golden, possible. | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ: about, son, much, rough, golden, possible. |
| The neutral sound [ə] (the schwa) is the most common vowel sound of English. It occurs in initial, medial or final position in the root, prefix and suffix, under stress or unstressed. The neutral sound is represented by several spelling patterns. | Íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê [ə] - ñàìûé ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé ãëàñíûé çâóê àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Îí âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â íà÷àëüíîì, ñðåäíåì èëè êîíå÷íîì ïîëîæåíèè â êîðíå, ïðèñòàâêå è ñóôôèêñå, ïîä óäàðåíèåì èëè áåç óäàðåíèÿ. Íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê ïðåäñòàâëåí íåñêîëüêèìè ìîäåëÿìè íàïèñàíèÿ. |
| Spelling examples for the neutral sound | Ïðèìåðû íàïèñàíèÿ äëÿ íåéòðàëüíîãî çâóêà |
| Letter “a”: about, around, asleep, Italy, ornament, likable, central, resistance, assistant, cinema, opera, soda. | Áóêâà “a”: about, around, asleep, Italy, ornament, likable, central, resistance, assistant, cinema, opera, soda. |
| Letter “o”: son, mother, money, other, front, done, some, love, observe, oppress, decorate, memory, history, freedom, lesson. | Áóêâà “o”: son, mother, money, other, front, done, some, love, observe, oppress, decorate, memory, history, freedom, lesson. |
| Letter “u”: but, sun, much, lucky, ugly, sudden, number, punish, publish, consult, submit, success, suggest, unhappy, understand, industry, difficult, minus, helpful, skillful. | Áóêâà “u”: but, sun, much, lucky, ugly, sudden, number, punish, publish, consult, submit, success, suggest, unhappy, understand, industry, difficult, minus, helpful, skillful. |
| Letter “e”: tolerate, operate, academy, gallery, system, golden, kitten, different, movement. | Áóêâà “e”: tolerate, operate, academy, gallery, system, golden, kitten, different, movement. |
| Letter “i”: terrible, possible, family. | Áóêâà “i”: terrible, possible, family. |
| Letter combination “ou”: rough, tough, country, cousin, couple, double, trouble, touch, flourish, nourish, young, famous, dangerous. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “ou”: rough, tough, country, cousin, couple, double, trouble, touch, flourish, nourish, young, famous, dangerous. |
| Letter combination “oo”: blood, flood. | Áóêâîñî÷åòàíèå “oo”: blood, flood. |
| The neutral sound is one of the most difficult vowel sounds in terms of pronunciation and spelling. In everyday speech, the unstressed short vowels are often pronounced as the neutral sound, and in some cases the neutral sound is dropped. In other cases the neutral sound appears in the syllable between two consonants where there is no vowel in spelling, for example, “table, apple, riddle, prism”, etc. This stresses the necessity to study the pronunciation of English words together with their spelling. | Íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê - îäèí èç ñàìûõ òðóäíûõ ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ, ãîâîðÿ î ïðîèçíîøåíèè è ïðàâîïèñàíèè.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è áåçóäàðíûå êðàòêèå ãëàñíûå ÷àñòî ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ êàê íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê, à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê âûïàäàåò.  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íåéòðàëüíûé çâóê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ñëîãå ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñîãëàñíûìè, ãäå äëÿ íåãî íåò ãëàñíîé íà ïèñüìå, íàïðèìåð, “table, apple, riddle, prism” è ò.ä. Ýòî óñèëèâàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü èçó÷àòü ïðîèçíîøåíèå àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ âìåñòå ñ èõ íàïèñàíèåì. |
| <== previous lecture | | | next lecture ==> |
| Vowels and vowel combinations | | | Consonants and their sounds |