Double dashes - prosodically important information

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 527.

Double commas – insertions

Brackets – additional information

Single quotes

Double quotes

Indented line

Dash - a break in the narration or thought

Column - immediately following ideas

Semi-column - parts are not fully independent, but convey diff ideas.

Comma - most troublesome punctuation mark.

• Pronounciation of a sent of any length without commas
• The pauses are the shortest
• LR
• Nature of grammatical relation

• Falling tone
• Pauses are longer
• Falling tone before
• 1^st w after is never pron-d in high level
• link bw 2 diff ideas in 1 sent
• smth diff but relevant

• Begin on high level as if a new sent
• Pause is shorter than in full stop
• Enumerate or repeat

· Rephrasing or summarizing

· Add an after thought

· Indicate that sent is unfinished

· Sudden break in a line

· Emphatic pause

· Sudden change in pitch

At the beginning of a new paragraph (at the end vice verse):

1. Longest pause
2. pitch is lower
3. tempo is increased slightly
4. loudness is diminished

- Long pause

- Higher loudness

- Lower tempo

1. Unnoticeable pause
2. Down loudness
3. Down tempo

3) Low pitch level

4) Lower loudness

5) Higher tempo

6) No pause

1. Rise tone before
2. Fall tone after
3. Level tone

A pause to draw attention

No increase of loudness