Accent ______________
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 824.
Provide examples of complementary and contrastive distribution.
B. Now define the allophonic variation and read the words consequently.
/k/__________: tender, temper, taciturn, tactful
__________: travel, train, twinge, entwine
__________: sky, skate, sketch, skeleton
__________: blackboard, dark night, black magic, Black Beauty
/g/__________: burgle, struggle, giggle, wriggle
__________: minlge, dingle, dangle, triangle
__________: vague, vogue, rogue, prologue
__________: girl, gay, go, geese
__________: glass, gray, grow, grease
- Read the words below. What are the positional alophones of the phoneme /l/?
[...]like – lick[...]pull – pill
life – live fool – fall
less – least tall – twelve
- Give examples of the combinatory allophones of the /r/ phoneme.
[r] _____________ e.g.
_____________ e.g.
_____________ e.g.
_____________ e.g.
_____________ e.g.
- Match the words below to obtain minimal pairs.
catch, pip, cheap, sap, he, jail, lap, pair, say, sink, rip, fail, lass, mink, cap, tear, she, lay, heap, match ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________; ________ - _________;
Give examples of:
· single opposition _______________________________________________
· double opposition________________________________________________
· multiple opposition______________________________________________
- Define the type of phonological analysis.
a. pool – food – shoe – youth – cool – stoop – tube – hoof – booth – boot – rouge
b. book – beak, foot – feet, book – back, book – beck, book – bark, put – pot, etc.
- ² Transcribe the following phrases as you would say them yourself using a) the broad phonetic transcription; b) the narrow phonological transcription.
Please come home. A. /________________________/
B. [________________________]
He's going by train. A. /________________________/
B. [________________________]
The angry American. A. /________________________/
B. [________________________]
His knowledge of the truth. A. /________________________/
B. [________________________]
I prefer sugar and cream. A. /________________________/
B. [________________________]
Sarah took pity on young children. A. /________________________/
B. [________________________]
5. In phonetic transcrption below, vowels in the words are nasalised (some of the air for producing a vowel escapes through the nose due to disappearance of a nasal consonant is rapid speech between a vowel and another consonant). The nasalised vowel by placing the ~ diacritic above it. er consonanta vowel escapes through the nose due to disappearance of a nasal consonant is rapid speech betweenTranscribe the words phonemically.
a. [sẵũd]
b. [ǽgə]
c. [kẵ:t]
d. [kǽpə]
e. [bõd]
Reference material:
1. Ì.À. Ñîêîëîâà. Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ôîíåòèêà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ì., Âëàäîñ, 1996, cc. 39-59
2. Ì.À. Ñîêîëîâà. Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ôîíåòèêà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ïðàêòèêóì. Ì., 2001, cc. 21-68
3. Peter Roach. Phonetics and Phonology. CUP 2000, pp. 38-47
Unit 3. Phonology of English vowels and consonants
1. The phonological systems of English vowels and consonants.
ü division from the functional point of view
ü principal qualities and features of vowels and consonants
ü differences and difficulties in vowel-consonant classification
ü the main difference between the two phonological systems
2. The system of English consonants.
ü ways of establishing the number of consonants in the English language (phonological analysis)
ü schools and classifications:
a. classification by the work of the vocal cords and force of exhalation (problem of voicing / phonation; the degree of voicing)
b. classification by the active organ of speech and the place of articulation
c. classification by the manner of noise production – foreign, Vassiliev's, Sokolova's classification
ü phonologically relevant and phonologically irrelevant consonantal features
3. The problem of affricates
ü the phonological status and number,
ü Soviet and foreign explanation of the issue,
ü Trubetskoy's articulatory indivisibility.
4. Summary.
5. The system of English vowels.
ü the basic characteristic features and properties
ü The System of Cardinal Vowels. English vowels on the System of Cardinal Vowels.
ü classification by the stability of articulation – foreign and Russian outlook
ü classification by the tongue position – variations within the classification itself
ü classification by lip rounding
ü classification by checkness – the features of checked vs. free vowels
ü classification by the length / quantity – factors modifying the vowel length
ü classification by tenseness
6. Phonologically relevant and phonologically irrelevant vowel features
7. The problem of diphthongs. Classification of diphthongs.
8. The problem of triphthongs. Foreign and Russian outlook.
9. Stressed vs. unstressed vowels. The phonemic status of the schwa.
10. Conclusions.
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| Exercises. | | | Read the following extracts from Russian and foreign phoneticians and dwell on the difference in the points of view on the problem. |