Write in detail about the Types of Press System in the Modern State.

Newspapers:Somenew-s are serious and some are more for entertainment. Most new-s have become part of big business enterprise today. Many new-s in many countries are owned by large media corporations such as that of “media mogul” Rupert Murdoch. Workers in England often read a tabloid that is controlled and run by Murdoch, but which gives little news and generally supports the political and business establishment. This may entertain while failing to impart any political or social consciousness in the workers. It helps to keep workers docile and ignorant. News in such papers is very light with little or no opinion and no in depth coverage. Kibris in North Cyprus, owned by Asil Nadir, is also this type of paper. It exploits the semi-nude photo of woman to encourage sales and increase profits. On the other hand, some tabloids are serious new-s that project particular political points of view and try to educate the reader.

In the US the more serious new-s are the large circulation daily papers such as the NYT, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times. The NYT is sometimes called the “paper of record”. It is considered to be authoritative in the “facts” that it reports in its front-page stories. However, while these are serious new-s, and provide much information on politics and global events, it has been shown that they basically serve the needs of the government and big business, as discussed above. They are disproportionately read by an elite in business, the government, academics, and so on.

Most people see local new-s published in their home towns. Many of these are actually owned by the NYT, or big media corporations like Knight-Ridder or Gannet. What news there is in them comes from local reporters and from wire services. There may be some opinion pieces from national syndicates, and some local opinion and letters from readers.

Radio: Like newspapers, radio isn't what it used to be. Now there companies own half of America's radio stations. Clear Channel Communications alone controls more than 1.200 stations, programmed from its headquarters with homogenized news and no local content, not even tornado warning. Between the two world wars, however, radio was popular, and radio news, comments, and political addresses – such as Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous “fireside chats”, which served as models for both Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan – were quite influential. With the rise of television in the 1950s, radio became less important. With two exceptions. Popular “talk radio” shows, often hosted by angry right-wingers, reinforce conservative views. Reinforcing liberal views, the radio magazine “All Things Considered” on National Public Radio offers world events, economics, politics, and critical opinions.

New services: Most hard news in newspapers and on radio , and even a good deal of television's news is not produced in-house but comes from a printer hooked up to the NY offices of The Associated Press (AP), hence the old-fashioned name wire service. The elite newspapers dislain wire-service copy, as it is matter of pride for them to have their own repoerters cover the story. But most papers in America are little more than ocal outlets for the AP, which provides them with photos, sports coverage, even recipes, as well as news. Often, editors on small town papers read just the first two paragraphs, so that they can write a headline, and slap the stories into their papers nearly at random.

The AP is a cooperative, with members paying assessments based on their circulation. They also contribute copies of local stories to the AP, which may rewrite them for nationwide transmission. The AP is one of the few news services not owned, subsidized, controlled, or supervision, as does Germany's DPA; and China's Xin Hua is wholly a creature of Beijing. U Press International (UPI) used to complete with AP, but now Rev, Sun Myung Moon, a conservative and eccentric Korean millionaire, owns UPL, which is a shadow of its former self.

No government controls the AP, but it has other problems that limit its quality and influence. First, it moves fast; every minute is deadline. This means it does no digging; its stories are superficial. Second, the wire services' definition of news is something from an official source. Wire-service stories are carefully attributed to police, the White House, the State Department or Pentagon, and so on. If it's not official, it's not news. This causes the wire services to miss many explosive situations in the world because they don't report on opposition people, average citizens in the street, or merchants in the bazaar, who might have a completely different – and sometimes more accurate – perspective than official spokespersons. The American news media failed to notice the coming of the Iranian revolution for this reason. Often the best news stories are not about a key event or statement but about what people are saying and thinking, which is rarely covered.

3.Write about “The Giant: Television”. Summarize shortly how TV affects News and Politics (nomination & apathy).

When Americans say “ the media”, they mean television, for television rowers over everything else in terms of impact. Some 90% of Americans get their news from television-more from cable channels than from broadcast networks nowadays –and most accord it higher credibility than new-s. Television has touched and changed almost everything in US politics. Election campaigns now revolve around the acquisition of television time; winners are usually those who raise the most money to hire the best media consultants. Television has become a suspect in the decline of both US election turnout and political parties. Some observers see television, which focuses on”sound bites” of a few seconds, as contributing to the trivialization of US politics. Calm analysis is out; the cathy phrase is in.

Effects of the media on politics

Media coverage influences public opinion and policymaking

Agenda-setting effects

*Media covers what people believe is important? Or vice-versa? *Framing

Policy Preferences

Effects on policymaking

*Indirect *direct

Nomination by Television. Tv does much to nominate presidential candidates. With all eyes focused on the early presidential primaries – especially New Hampshire – commentators grandly proclaim who is the “real winner” and his “momentum” The candidate thus designed as front-runner goes into the remaining primaries and the national convention with a bandwagon effect, enhanced recognition, and lots of television coverage. In the nominating process, television has become a kind of kingmaker. It is no wonder that candidates arrange their schedules and strangles to capture as much television exposure as possible.

Television is not the sole culprit.

TV and apathy. Observers long suspected that tv induces passivity and apathy. Harvard political scientist Robert D. believes “the culprit is television”. Reviewing possible causes of the decline of “civic engagement” in the United States. Putnam found older people, those born before W War 2, are more trusting and more inclined to join groups and participate in politics.

4.Please, explain how Media and Government are interrelated with each other. You can cover case studies: “Watergate and Iraq war”