II. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the English and Russian consonant systems.
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 670.
| ENGLISH | Quan-tity | RUSSIAN | Quan-tity | |
| Plosives[b], [p], [t], [d], [k], [g] Affricates[C], [G] Nasal sonorants[m], [n], [N] Fricatives [f], [v], [T], [D], [h], [s], [z], [S], [Z] Constrictive sonorants [w], [r], [l], [j] | Plosives[ï], [ï´], [á] [á´], [ò], [ò´], [ä], [ä´], [ê], [ê´], [ã], [ã´]. Affricates [ö], [÷] Nasal sonorants[ì], [ì´], [í], [í´] Fricatives[ô], [ô´], [â], [â´], [ñ], [ñ´], [ç], [ç´], [ø], [ø´], [æ], [æ´], [õ], [é´] Constrictive sonorants [ë], [ë´] Rolled sonorants [p], [p´] | |||
| All in all | ||||
| ENGLISH | RUSSIAN | |||
| Palatalization of consonants is not a phonemic feature in English though [S], [Z], [C], [G] are slightly palatalized. The softening of English consonants can occur. But this is a positional feature and this doesn't characterize the consonantal system in general. Place of articulation. Most of the English consonants are pronounced on the alveolars, The sounds that are farther back are glottal ones and glottal stops. There are two sounds pronounced in glottis. The veolar consonants in both languages seem to have the same place of articulation. However the sounds like [k], [g] are further front comparing with the correspondent Russian ones. The English sound system is stricter. If veolar sounds are pronounced separately they usually end in vowel-like sounds which are different in Russian and English. In the pronunciation of the English consonants it is the neutral vowel [q].For, example, [kq] The English sounds consonants in clusters are more independent than they are in Russian, which is especially true of their voice characteristics. For example, iceburg ['QIsbWg]- no voicing.; at that – this combination of the sounds usually requires a glottal stop when they are pronounced in sequence. One of the features showing the force and the degree of tenseness is aspiration. It's important to understand that aspiration is an aftereffect of force but not of separate special features. In English as compared with Russian the glottal muscles are much more active giving the presence of the glottal sounds in English. There are sounds that do not exist in Russian: 1) the bilabial constrictive mediansonorant [w] 2) theinterdental (post-dental) fricative sonorants [T], [D] 3) the voiced bicentral affricate [G] the back lingual nasal sonorant [N] | Palatalization is a phonemic feature in Russian. The palatalized consonants are: [ï´], [á´], [ò´], [ä´], [ê´],[ã´], [ì´], [í´], [ô´], [â´], [ñ´], [ç´], [ø´], [æ´],[ë´], [p´]. Place of articulation. Most of the Russian consonants are pronounced on the teeth. Another contact occurs on the palate, which would be typical of Russian and foreign for English. There are no glottal sounds in Russian The Russian sounds are articulated with the back of the tongue. The Russian consonants have [û]-like sound at the end. For, example, [kû] (îãëàñîâêà) Russian consonants are assimilated to each other in terms of voice. If a voiceless consonant precedes a voiced one it becomes voiced under its influence. For example, îò Áîãà, îòáåæàòü - according to vocal cords. | |||
| 1) thepost alveolar constrictive mediansonorant [r] 2) the glottal fricative voiceless [h] | 1) the rolled post alveolarsonorants [p],.[p´] 2) the backlingual fricative voiceless[õ] | |||
| - voiceless consonants [p], [t], [k], [f], [s], [S], [C] are pronounced more energetically than the Russian ones:→ - voiced noise consonants [b], [d], [g], [v], [z], [Z] are much weaker than: → - voiceless plosive consonants [p], [t], [k] Are pronounced with aspiration in a stressed position when followed by a vowel - consonants [t], [d], [n], [s], [z] have apical articulation. There is no dorsal articulation at all. - forelingual sonorants [t], [d], [s], [z], [l], [n] have alveolar articulation - phonemes [S], [Z] are short. There are no long consonant phonemes in English. - the voiced noise consonants [b], [d], [g], [v], [D], [z], [Z], [G] may occur in word-final position and before voiceless consonants. | [ï], [ò], [ê], [ô], [ñ], [ø],[÷] [á], [ä], [ã], [â], [ç], [æ], - whereas the similar Russian consonants [ï], [ò], [ê] are pronounced without aspiration. - whereas the similar Russian consonants have dorsal articulation. - whereas the similar Russian consonants [ò], [ä], [ñ], [ç], [ë], [í] have dental articulation. - whereas the similar Russian consonants [ø:´], [æ:´] are long. - whereas in Russian voiced noise consonants cannot occur in these positions and are replaced by the corresponding voiceless sounds. | |||
Topics for discussion:
1) Give the articulate characteristics of the English and Russian counterpart consonants.
2) Give the quantitative characteristics of the English and Russian consonants.
3) What should you do to avoid mispronouncing of the consonants?
4) What is alike and what is different in the English and Russian consonantal articulation system?
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| Constrictive sonorants | | | Lecture VI. The System of English phonemes (vowels). |