THE INTONATION OF NON-FINAL PARTS OF UTTERANCES

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 2160.

An utterance — the minimal independent unit of communication — is realized in oral speech either as one intonation-group, or as a sequence of groups. In the first case the utterance has a simple tune, in the second it has a combined tune.

According to their position in a combined tune intonation-groups can be final (at the end of a tune) and non-final (at the beginning or in the middle of a tune). Non-final intonation-groups are normally formed by initial clauses of compound and complex sentences, adverbial and subject groups in a simple sentence; parenthetical words, direct address and reporting phrases in sentences of all syntactic types.

Non-final intonation-groups can be pronounced with various nuclear tones, yet there are more and less typical intonation patterns for each kind of syntactic structure. On the whole, the choice of the nuclear tone in a non-final group depends on the semantic weight of this part of the utterance.

When a Low Rise is used it indicates that the utterance is not finished and there is a continuation without which the information is incomplete.

Mr. ˡPriestley's ‚daughter | ˡstudies at a ˡbusiness ‘college.

It is typical of intonation-groups formed by grammatically incomplete parts of utterances, such as

a) adverbial phrases:

In the ˡmiddle of the ‚square | there's a ‘monument.

b) enumeration

On the ˡground ‚floor | there is a ‚kitchen, | a ‚pantry, | a ‚dining-room, | a ˡcosy ˇsitting-room | and Dr. ˡSandford's ‘study.

c) initial subordinate clauses:

When ˡBetty ˡstudied at ‚college, | she had ˡmany com‘panions.

d) principal clauses formed by the initial author's words in reported speech:

His ˡyounger ˡsister ‚says | that she is ˡeager to beˡcome a ‘teacher.

This pattern can also be used in an initial part of a compound sentence, especially when the adjacent clauses are symmetrical in their grammatical structure and meaning (in this case a Low Rise is often replaced by a High Rise):

There is a 'plate in 'front of ‛John | and a 'plate in 'front of ‘Mary.

The Falling nuclear tone, due to its categoric and definite character adds greater semantic weight to a non-final group in comparison with the Low Rising pattern.

Compare: I 'live near the ‚tram-stop |and the ‘metro station.

I 'live near the ‘tram-stop | which is 'very con‘venient.

A Falling-Rising nuclear tone is widely used in non-final groups in English. It has a complex semantic effect, since it conveys two kinds of meaning at one and the same time: 1) special semantic importance or emphasis — due to the falling component of the tone, 2) semantic incompleteness and close links with the continuation — due to its rising component. Such a semantic relationship is most typical of cases when the non-final group is contrasted either to what follows in the same utterance or to what precedes it in the earlier context:

In 'front of the ‚house | we have a 'small ‘garden. At the ‘back of the ‚house | there is a 'much ‘larger garden.