Part 2. PHONOLOGY

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 546.

· Define:

A phoneme. An allophone.

· Match:

1. __________ regarded the phoneme as a component of words or word forms. Emphasized that the phoneme has no meaning of its own, but it helps to differentiate between the meanings of larger units.

2. __________ defined the phoneme as a constituent of the sound form of words. Developed the theory of phonemic oppositions, or contrasting pairs of sounds (minimal pairs).

3. __________ introduced the definition of an allophone as a positional variant of one and the same phoneme. The school considered various types of contexts (distributions) in which phonemes may occur.

4. __________ defined the phoneme in its relation to the morpheme. Considered one and the same sound as a) an allophone of some phoneme, if this sound is used in the same morpheme and does not change its meaning; e.g. Russ. /д/, /т/ in сади /са`ди/ (strong position), and сад /`сат/ (weak position); b) as a different phoneme, if this sound, used in its strong position, changes the meaning of a linguistic form; e.g.Russ. /д/, /т/ in дом /`дом/ and том /`том/.

5. __________ considered the phoneme as an autonomous unit which does not depend on its position in a morpheme. The sounds belong to different phonemes if one can find in the language even one pair of words or word forms where these sounds differentiate between meanings. E.g. Russ. /д/, /т/ in /дом/ and /том/; /т'/, /т/ in /рат/ ‘рад' and /рат'/ ‘рать'.

a) The Moscow Phonological School b) The Prague Linguistic School

c) The Copenhagen Linguistic School d) The Leningrad Phonological School

e) The American School of Descriptive Linguistics

· Define:

Segmental phonemes. Non-segmental phonemes.

· Define:

Integral features of phonemes. Differential features of phonemes.

· Describe:

The major types of phonemic oppositions.

· Describe:

The strong position of a phoneme. The weak position of a phoneme.

· Define:

Neutralization of phonemic oppositions.

· Match:

1.Transcription given in square brackets: [t]. The symbolized sounds are allophones that preserve their articulatory / auditory identity.

2. Transcription given in slanted brackets: /t/. The symbolized sounds are phonemes, or “generalized sounds” which have a linguistic function, i.e. which differentiate between meanings.

a) Phonemic transcription b) Phonetic transcription

· Describe:

Orthography based on the phonetic principle. Orthography based on the morphological principle. Orthography based on the historical-traditional principle.