Freud's psychosexual stages of development

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 540.

Proponents believe that much of our learning occurs through watching, often in social situations, what happens to other people.

Social learning theory

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)

The Big Five factors (or trait dimensions)

ID(Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality)

ID is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. The ID operates based on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of needs.

Ego(Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality)

The egoprevents us from acting on our basic urges (created by the id), but also works to achieve a balance with our moral and idealistic standards (created by the superego). While the ego operates in both the preconscious and conscious, it's strong ties to the id means that it also operates in the unconscious.

Superego (Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality)

The superegois the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society. Thesuperegoworks to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically.

Your Real Self is who you actually are, while your Ideal Self is the person you want to be.

Oral Stage(Birth to 18 months). During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral pleasures (sucking). This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. Personality wise, these individuals may become overly dependent upon others, gullible, and perpetual followers. On the other hand, they may also fight these urges and develop pessimism and aggression toward others.

Anal Stage(18 months to three years). The child's focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feces. Through society's pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal stimulation. In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive). On the opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive).

Phallic Stage(ages three to six). The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud believed that during this stage boy develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. Because of this, he becomes rivals with his father and sees him as competition for the mother's affection. During this time, boys also develop a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known as Oedipus Complex ( after the Greek Mythology figure who accidentally killed his father and married his mother).

Latency Stage(age six to puberty). It's during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

Genital Stage(puberty on). The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals.

Stress -Mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment

Stressor - Condition or event that challenges or threatens a person

Pressure - Occurs when a person must meet urgent external demands or expectations

Frustration - Negative emotional state that occurs when people share prevented from desired goals.

Lazarus – managing a treat (create PRIMARY AND SECONDARY APPRAISAL)

Primary appraisal(оценка) - The three components of primary appraisal are goal relevance, goal congruence, and type of ego-involvement. In the primary appraisal stage, an individual first evaluates an event in terms of personal goal relevance If an event is deemed relevant to an individual's personal goals, an emotion is generated; if not, an emotion will not ensue. Then the individual appraises on going events to the extent that the event is congruent or incongruent with the individual's goals. If the goal is congruent, the consequent event will be evaluated as positive. If the goal is incongruent, then negative emotions will be elicited. The specific emotion experienced by the individual depends on the secondary appraisal(s) linked to the primary appraisal

Secondary appraisal(оценка) - The secondary appraisal stage deals with coping options in which the individual considers a causal attribution for the event, ways to respond, and future consequences of different plans of action. The three components of secondary appraisal are accountability (blame or credit), coping potential (problem-focused or emotion-focused), and future expectations.

Defense mechanisms – any mental process used to avoid, deny or distort sources of threat or anxiety.

Coping strategies - denial, repression, reaction formation, regression, projection, rationalization, compensation, sublimation.

Conflict - Occurs whenever a person must choose between contradictory needs, desires, motives or demands.