Ways of Translating

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 492.

1. Literal translating,which is to be employed when dealing with separate words whose surface form and structure, as well as their lexical meaning in the source language and in the target lan­guage, fully coincide (administrator адміністратор, director директор, region регіон, hotel/motel готель/ мотель, hydrometer гідрометр, Tom Том, etc.)

2. Verbal translatingis also employed at lexeme/word level. But unlike literal translating it never conveys the orthographic or the sounding form of the source language units, but their denotative meaning only: fearful страшний, fearless безстрашний, helpless безпорадний, incorrect неправильний, mistrust недовір'я (недовіра), superprofit надприбуток, non-interferenceневтручання, weightlessness невагомість etc.

3. Word-for-word translationis another method of rendering sense. It presents a consecutive verbal translation though at the level of word-groups and sentences.(You are right to begin with* ви маєте рацію, щоб почати з instead of Почнемо з того/припустимо, що ви маєте рацію/що ви праві.)

4. Interlinear translatingis a con­ventional term for a strictly faithful rendering of sense expressed by word-groups and sentences at the level of some text. ( The sentence Who took my book? admits only one word-for-word variant, namely: Хто взяв мою книжку? In interlinear translation, however, the full content of this sen­tence can be faithfully rendered with the help of two and sometimes even three equivalent variants: У кого моя книжка? Хто брав/узяв мою книжку?).

5. Literary translationrepresents the highest level of a trans­lator's activity. Any type of matter skillfully turned into the target lan­guage, especially by a regular master of the pen may acquire the faithfulness and the literary (or artistic) standard equal to that of the source language.

Literary artistic translation presents a faithful conveying of con­tent and of the artistic merits only of a fiction/belles-lettres passage or work. The latter may be either of a prose or a poetic genre (verse).

Literary proper translation is performed on any other than fic­tion/belles-lettres passages/works. These may include scientific or technical matter, didactic matter (different text-books), business cor­respondence, the language of documents, epistolary texts, etc.

The number of phrases and sentences in a literary translation is never the same as in the source language passage/work, neither are the same means of expression or the number and quality of stylistic devices per paragraph/syntactic superstructure. All these transformations are made in order to achieve faithfulness in rendering content and expressiveness of the passage/ work under translation. Transformations are also used to convey the features of style and in still greater measure the genre peculiarities of the works/passages under translation.

Descriptive translating. It is the notional meaning of the source language unit and not always its structural form that is to be rendered in the target language. Depending on the notion ex­pressed by the source language word/lexeme, it may be conveyed in the target language sometimes through a word-combination or even through a sentence, i.e., descriptively: indulge робити собі приємність у чомусь, віддаватися втіхам; infamous той (та, те), що має ганебну славу; inessentials предмети не першої необхідності, предмети розкоші.

Antonymic translationis employed for the sake of achieving faithfulness in conveying content or the necessary expressiveness of sense units. It represents a way of rendering when an affirmative in structure language unit (word, word-combination or sentence) is conveyed via a negative in sense or structure but identical in content language unit, or vice versa: mind your own businessне втручайся не в свої справи; take it easyне хвилюйся; немає лиха без добра every dark cloud has a silver lining.