B. Vocabulary practice

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 561.

А. Comprehension

Answer the questions:

1) What gas is termed unconventional gas?

2) What is deep natural gas?

3) Where does tight gas occur?

4) How was devonian shale gas generated?

5) What is coal-bed gas?

6) Why do coal seams appear to be the best sources of coal-bed methane?

7) What is geopressurized gas?

8) Why are methane hydrates the best means of prolonging the carbohydrate age of energy?

9) Explain why the recovery of unconventional gas is considered to be unprofitable.

10) What methods are used to enhance the production of gas from unconventional gas sources?

I. Give English equivalents for:

1) значительное количество газа; 2) отличаться от традиционных нефтегазовых ловушек; 3) природный газ нетипичного происхождения; 4) плотные песчаники; 5) глубокое бурение; 6) методы разведки и добычи; 7) встречаться в поверхностных и линзовидных пластах; 8) эффективная проницаемость; 9) относительно непроницаемый песчаник; 10) газ, неэкономичный для добычи; 11) использовать метод гидроразрыва пласта; 12) последующая седиментация: 13) мигрировать в прилегающие песчаники; 14) газ, заблокированный в плотном глинистом сланце; 15) наличие естественной трещиноватости (породы); 16) увеличивать добычу газа; 17) газ, образовавшийся в процессе формирования угля; 18) свободный газ в трещинах угольного пласта; 19) протекать через существующую систему трещин; 20) газ, залегающий в зонах геодавлений; 21) превышать все запасы газа вместе взятые; 22) нестабильные соединения, образованные из молекул воды и метана; 23) образовываться в условиях сильного давления и экстремального холода; 24) потенциально огромные запасы; 25) распадаться на составляющие при нормальном атмосферном давлении.

II. Give Russian equivalents for:

1) geologic environments that differ from conventional petroleum traps; 2) to occurs in "tight" sandstones; 3) to be much more expensive to exploit; 4) not to supplant conventional gas production; 5) beyond 'conventional' drilling depths; 6) deep drilling; 7) to be profitable for the industry; 8) to occur in either blanket or lenticular sandstones; 9) to have an effective permeability of less than 1

millidarcy; 10) low natural flow rates; 11) massive hydraulic fracturing techniques; 12) to be generated from organic mud deposited during the Devonian Period; 13) to transform the mud into shale; 14) to migrate to adjacent sandstones and to be trapped in them; 15) to remain locked in the nonporous shale; 16) the factor of greatest importance in commercial production; 17) to enhance gas production; 18) to be trapped within coal seams; 19) the initial coalification process; 20) to remain as adsorbed gas on the internal surfaces of the micropores within the coal itself; 21) to flow through existing fracture systems; 22) to be the best sources of coal-bed methane; 23) unusually high pressure; 24) commercially feasible extraction technique; 25) to form a sort of cage or lattice around the methane molecules; 26) appear under conditions of intense pressure and extreme cold; 27) to be released in situ.

III. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

a) to disintegrate, soft, shale, to exist, conventional, properties, to contain, extraction, mud

Natural gas can also … in Devonian shale deposits. Devonian shales are formed from the … of shallow seas that existed about 350 million years ago (during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era). … is a very fine-grained sedimentary rock, which is easily breakable into thin, parallel layers. It is a very … rock, but does not … when it becomes wet. These shales can … natural gas, usually when two thick, black shale deposits 'sandwich' a thinner area of shale. Because of some of the … of these shales, the … of natural gas from shale formations is more difficult (and thus expensive!) than extraction of … natural gas.

b) global, wells, drillings, high, deposits, to be found, conventional, commercially, to exceed, depths, to be exploited, resource

Geopressurized zones are … of natural gas under unusually … pressure, and occupying layers of sand or silt located at … of between fifteen and twenty-five thousand feet. These zones may … either under dry land or beneath sea beds. Total … resources of geopressurized gas are believed … all other … and unconventional gas resources put together with the exception of methane hydrates.

Given the size of the … and the continued ascent of natural gas prices, we believe that geopressurized zones will … in time, but the time is not yet. No … feasible extraction technique has been developed to date, and only exploratory … have been made. There are no commercially producing … today.

c) activities, industry, to be trapped, conditions, digging, seams, fossil, methane, leaks, threat, coal

Coal, another … fuel, is formed underground under similar geologic … as natural gas and oil. These coal deposits are commonly found as … that run underground, and are mined by … into the seam and removing the coal. Many coal seams also contain natural gas, either within the seam itself or the surrounding rock. This coal-bed methane … underground, and is generally not released into the atmosphere until coal mining … unleash it. Historically, coal-bed methane has been considered a nuisance in the coal mining … . Once a mine is built, and … is extracted, the methane contained in the seam usually … out into the coal mine itself. This poses a safety …, as too high a concentration of … in the well create dangerous conditions for coal miners.

d) natural gas, atmosphere, has increased, energy, latticelike, temperatures, to be discovered, permafrost, conventional, inexpensively, energy, drill, unstable, control, to explode, to encounter, to underlie, to cause

What do you get when you combine water and swamp gas under low … and high pressures? You get a frozen … substance called methane hydrate, huge amounts of which … our oceans and polar …. This crystalline combination of a … and water (known technically as a clathrate) looks remarkably like ice but burns if it meets a lit match.

Methane hydrate … only a few decades ago, and little research has been done on it until recently. By some estimates, the … locked up in methane hydrate deposits is more than twice the global reserves of all … gas, oil, and coal deposits combined. But no one has yet figured out how to pull out the gas …, and no one knows how much is actually recoverable. Because methane is also a greenhouse gas, release of even a small percentage of total deposits could have a serious effect on Earth's … .

Research on methane hydrate … in the last few years, particularly in countries such as Japan that have few native … resources. As scientists around the world learn more about this material, new concerns surface. For example, ocean-based oil-drilling operations sometimes … methane hydrate deposits. As a … spins through the hydrate, the process can cause it to dissociate. The freed gas may …, causing the drilling crew to lose … of the well. Another concern is that … hydrate layers could give way beneath oil platforms or, on a larger scale, even … tsunamis.

IV. Match the following terms with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them:

in situ, hydraulic fracturing, shale, darcy, tight, gas hydrate, coal, geopressure

1. A carbon-rich sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants deposited as peat in swampy environments. Burial and increase in temperature bring about physical and chemical changes called coalification.

2. The pressure within the Earth, or formation pressure.

3. A standard unit of measure of permeability.

4. A crystalline solid consisting of water with gas molecules in an ice-like cage structure.

5. A stimulation treatment routinely performed on oil and gas wells in low-permeability reservoirs.

6. A dark fine-grained laminated sedimentary rock formed by compression of successive layers of clay-rich sediment

7. In the original location or position, such as a large outcrop that has not been disturbed by faults or landslides.

8. Having very low permeability.

V. Explain the following terms using a specialized dictionary and glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own phrases with them:

unconventional gas reservoirs, conventional gas reservoirs, devonian, clathrate, geopressurized gas

VI. Give English translation for:

Исторически сложилось, что традиционные месторождения природного газа всегда являлись простыми для разработки. Однако, с продвижением технологий, добыча природного газа из нетрадиционных источников начинает составлять все больший процент от общего объема добываемого газа.

Что же такое «нетрадиционный газ»? Точный ответ на этот вопрос трудно найти. «Нетрадиционный природный газ» - это газ, который труднее и экономически менее выгодно добывать, в основном из-за того, что технологии, применяемые для добычи такого газа, либо развиты не до конца, либо слишком дороги. Например, до 80-х годов прошлого века, залежи природного газа, находящиеся очень глубоко под землей, были практически нетронутыми. Добывать такой газ было экономически невыгодно. Однако, с развитием глубокого разведочного и эксплуатационного бурения, добыча газа с большой глубины перестала быть чем-то «нетрадиционным».

На сегодняшний день выделяют шесть основных категорий «нетрадиционного газа». Это газ, добываемый с больших глубин, плотный газ, сланцевый газ девонского периода, газ угольных пластов, газ зон геодавлений и гидраты метана.