Surface equipment

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 516.

Water often flows into a well along with oil and gas. All th__ __ __1)fluids a__ __2)collected b__3)surface equi__ __ __ __ __4)for separ__ __ __ __ __5)into g__ __6), oil, a__ __7)water frac__ __ __ __ __8)for sto__ __ __ __9)and distri__ __ __ __ __ __10). The wa__ __ __11), which cont__ __ __ __12)salt a__ __13)other mine__ __ __ __14), is usu__ __ __ __15)reinjected in__ __16)formations th__ __17)are we__ __18)separated fr__ __19)freshwater aqui__ __ __ __20)close t__21)the sur__ __ __ __22). In ma__ __23)cases i__24)is p__ __25)back in__ __26)the form__ __ __ __ __27)from wh__ __ __28)it ca__ __29). At ti__ __ __30), produced wa__ __ __31)forms a__32)emulsion wi__ __33)the o__ __34)or a so__ __ __35)hydrate comp__ __ __ __36)with t__ __37)gas. I__38)those ca__ __ __39), specially desi__ __ __ __40)treaters a__ __41)used t__42)separate t__ __43)three compo__ __ __ __ __44). The cl__ __ __45)crude o__ __46)is se__ __47)to sto__ __ __ __48)at ne__ __49)atmospheric pres__ __ __ __50). Natural g__ __51)is usu__ __ __ __52)piped dire__ __ __ __53)to a cen__ __ __ __54)processing pl__ __ __55)(called a gaso__ __ __ __56)plant), wh__ __ __57)the rema__ __ __ __ __58)liquids (LP__ __59)) are rem__ __ __ __60)before i__61)is f__ __62)to t__ __63)consumer pipe__ __ __ __64). LPG is the major feedstock for making plastics and synthetic fibres and is the source of butane and propane fuel.

8. Well Control

One vital job drilling fluid should do is keep formation fluids from entering the wellbore. If eno__ __ __1)formation flu__ __ __2)enter t__ __3)wellbore, dril__ __ __ __4)personnel s__ __5)that t__ __6)well ”ki__ __ __7)”. A kick, i__8)not recog__ __ __ __ __9)and prop__ __ __ __10)handled, c__ __11)lead t__12)a blowout. A blo__ __ __ __13)can b__14)a catastrophic ev__ __ __15). In ma__ __16)cases, flu__ __ __17)in t__ __18)blowout ign__ __ __19)and red__ __ __20)the r__ __21)to a mel__ __ __22)pile o__23)junk. Blow__ __ __ __24)not on__ __25)waste o__ __26)and g__ __27), but al__ __28)threaten hu__ __ __29)lives. Obvi__ __ __ __ __30), drilling cr__ __ __31)take a gr__ __ __32)deal o__33)care n__ __34)to al__ __ __35)blowouts, a__ __36), in fa__ __37), not ma__ __38)occur. B__ __39), because a blo__ __ __ __40)is of__ __ __41)a spectacular sh__ __42)and hu__ __ __43)lives a__ __44)sometimes lo__ __45), a blowout of__ __ __46)becomes a me__ __ __47)event. Unfort__ __ __ __ __ __ __48), the impre__ __ __ __ __49)may lin__ __ __50)that blow__ __ __ __51)are n__ __52)the rar__ __ __53)they actu__ __ __ __54)are. I__55)reality, thou__ __ __ __ __56)of we__ __ __57)are dri__ __ __ __58)every ye__ __59)and ve__ __60)few o__61)them bl__ __62)out.

A ho__ __63)full o__64)mud th__ __65)weighs t__ __66)right amo__ __ __67)– has t__ __68)correct den__ __ __ __69)– cannot bl__ __70)out. B__ __71)sometimes t__ __72)unexpected occ__ __ __73). Because a r__ __74)crew i__75)only hu__ __ __76), they c__ __77)make a__78)error a__ __79)allow form__ __ __ __ __80)fluid su__ __81)as g__ __82), oil, o__83)salt wa__ __ __84)to en__ __ __85)the ho__ __86). When form__ __ __ __ __87)fluids en__ __ __88)the ho__ __89)– when a ki__ __90)occurs – i__91)makes i__92)presence kn__ __ __93)by cer__ __ __ __94)things th__ __95)happen i__96)the circu__ __ __ __ __ __97)system. F__ __98)example, t__ __99)level o__100)mud i__101)the ta__ __ __102)may ri__ __103)above nor__ __ __104)level, o__105)mud m__ __106)flow o__ __107)of t__ __108)hole ev__ __109)with t__ __110)mud pu__ __111)stopped. Alert drilling crews spot these anomalies (although the anomalies are sometimes subtle) and take steps to control the well and prevent a blowout.

9. Data Processing

Magnetic minerals (magnetite) in oil and gas deposits may indicate directly or semi-directly the presence of oil and gas deposits, therefore magnetic methods are applied to hydrocarbon exploration in oil-bearing sedimentary basins. The ba__ __ __1)problem i__2)the appli__ __ __ __ __ __3)of magn__ __ __ __4)methods i__5)the isol__ __ __ __ __6)of we__ __7)magnetic anom__ __ __ __ __8)caused b__9)low concent__ __ __ __ __ __ __10)of t__ __11)magnetic mine__ __ __ __12). These we__ __13)anomalies a__ __14)often mas__ __ __15)by mu__ __16)stronger magn__ __ __ __17)anomalies cau__ __ __18)by under__ __ __ __ __19)magnetic ro__ __ __20)and/o__21)by ro__ __ __22)in t__ __23)sedimentary ba__ __ __24). The we__ __25)anomalies c__ __26)efficiently isol__ __ __ __27)by appl__ __ __ __28)selective band__ __ __ __29)filters. T__30)solve th__ __31)target, w__32)suggest a proc__ __ __ __ __33)of proce__ __ __ __ __34)including t__ __35)steps a__36)follows: T__ __37)first st__ __38)is t__39)isolate t__ __40)weak magn__ __ __ __41)anomalies cau__ __ __42)by l__ __43)concentrations o__44)magnetic mine__ __ __ __45). In th__ __46)step, sele__ __ __ __ __47)bandpass fil__ __ __ __48)can b__49)applied t__50)isolate t__ __51)weak magn__ __ __ __52)anomalies, wh__ __ __53)are of__ __ __54)masked b__55)much stro__ __ __ __56)magnetic anom__ __ __ __ __57)caused b__58)underlying magn__ __ __ __59)rocks a__ __60)/or b__61)rocks i__62)the ba__ __ __63). The next step is to determine the spatial positions of magnetic sources, such as the horizontal coordinates of edges of magnetic sourced, the source depth.

10. Finding Petroleum Traps

In the early days of oil exploration, wildcatten (those who drill wildcat wells, which are wells drilled where no oil or gas is known to exist) often drilled in an area because of a hunch. They h__ __1)no id__ __2)how o__ __3)and g__ __4)occurred a__ __5)probably di__ __6)'t ca__ __7). Anybody wi__ __8)enough mo__ __ __9)to ba__ __10)up a bel__ __ __11)that o__ __12)lay un__ __ __13)the gro__ __ __14)at so__ __15)location o__16)the ot__ __ __17)drilled a we__ __18). If th__ __19)were lu__ __ __20), they h__ __21)a strike. So__ __22), however, geolo__ __ __ __ __23)began appl__ __ __ __24)earth sci__ __ __ __25)

to t__ __26)search f__ __27)oil. F__ __28)example, th__ __29)looked f__ __30)features o__31)the sur__ __ __ __32)that indi__ __ __ __ __33)subsurface tr__ __ __34).

Most petr__ __ __ __ __35)deposits l__ __36)so dee__ __ __37)buricil, how__ __ __ __38), that n__39)surface feat__ __ __ __40)hint a__41)their pres__ __ __ __42). Yet, t__ __43)subsurface ho__ __ __44)large quant__ __ __ __ __45)of o__ __46)and g__ __47). Consider al__ __48)that mu__ __49)of t__ __50)world'__51)oil a__ __52)gas prob__ __ __ __53)lies offs__ __ __ __54), covered b__55)hundreds o__56)thousands o__57)feet o__58)meters o__59)water a__ __60)more thou__ __ __ __ __61)of fe__ __62)or mit__ __ __63)of ro__ __64). Fortunately, scien__ __ __ __ __65)have deve__ __ __ __ __66)effective indi__ __ __ __67)methods t__68)view t__ __69)subsurface. They use seismology the most.

11. Overview of the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Process

The oil and gas industry comprises two parts: ‘upstream'— t__ __1)exploration a__ __2)production sec__ __ __3)of t__ __4)industry; a__ __5)‘downstream'—t__ __6)sector wh__ __ __7)deals wi__ __8)refining a__ __9)processing o__10)crude o__ __11)and g__ __12)products, th__ __ __13)distribution a__ __14)marketing. Comp__ __ __ __ __15)operating i__16)the indu__ __ __ __17)may b__18)regarded a__19)fully integ__ __ __ __ __20), (i.e. have bo__ __21)upstream a__ __22)downstream inte__ __ __ __ __23)), or m__ __24)concentrate o__25)a particular sec__ __ __26), such a__27)exploration a__ __28)production, comm__ __ __ __29)known a__30)an E&P com__ __ __ __31), or ju__ __32)on refi__ __ __ __33)and mark__ __ __ __ __34)(a R&M company). Ma__ __35)large comp__ __ __ __ __36)operate glob__ __ __ __37)and a__ __38)described a__39)‘multi-nationals', whi__ __ __40)other sma__ __ __ __41)companies conce__ __ __ __ __ __42)on spec__ __ __ __43)areas o__44)the wo__ __ __45)and a__ __46)often refe__ __ __ __47)to a__48)‘independents'. Frequ__ __ __ __ __49), a specific cou__ __ __ __50)has ves__ __ __51)its inte__ __ __ __ __52)in o__ __53)and g__ __54)in a nati__ __ __ __55)company, wi__ __56)its na__ __57)often refle__ __ __ __ __58)its nati__ __ __ __59)parenthood. I__60)the upst__ __ __ __61)sector, mu__ __62)reliance i__63)placed up__ __64)service a__ __65)upon contr__ __ __ __ __66)companies w__ __67)provide speci__ __ __ __ __68)technical serv__ __ __ __69)to t__ __70)industry, ran__ __ __ __71)from geoph__ __ __ __ __ __72)surveys, dril__ __ __ __73)and ceme__ __ __ __ __74), to cate__ __ __ __75)and ho__ __ __76)services i__77)support o__78)operations. This relationship between contractors and the oil companies has fostered a close partnership, and increasingly, contractors are fully integrated with the structure and culture of their clients.