Types of Law

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 571.

XII. What would make your life easier? Tell your class what would you do to change your life and why. Use conditional 2.

XIII. Translate:

1.Если бы ты не слушал вполуха, ты бы понял меня.

2.Если мы бы не тратили времени, мы бы сделали работу в срок.

3.Если бы я смог спланировать свое расписание, я бы поднялся вверх по карьерной лестнице.

4.На твоем месте, я бы проконтролировал сотрудников.

5.Сотрудники бы утроили забастовку, если бы они были чем-то недовольны.

6.Темп нашей жизни слишком быстр. Если бы мы больше времени проводили с нашими семьями, мы были бы счастливее.

7.Если бы остановили бешеную погоню за богатством, у вас было бы время изучить (рассмотреть) свою жизнь.

8.Ты бы не отказывался идти к психологу, если бы знал как это эффективно.

9.Если бы мы поменяли внутреннюю отделку, квартира выглядела бы лучше.

10.Я бы сошел с ума от счастья, если бы выиграл лотерею (to win a lottery)

(I) The content of law may be categorized as substantive and procedural. Substantive laws consist of rights, duties, and prohibitions administered by courts—which behaviors are to be allowed and which are prohibited (such as prohibition against murder or the sale of narcotics). Procedural laws are rules, concerning how substantive laws are to be administered, enforced, changed, and used by players in the legal system (such as filing charges, electing a jury, presenting evidence in court or drawing up a will).

(II) A distinction is also made between public law and private law. Public law is concerned with the structure of government, the duties and powers of officials, and the relationship between the individual and the state. It includes such subjects as constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law and procedure, and law relating to the proprietary powers of the state and its political subdivisions. Private law is concerned with both substantive and procedural rules governing relationships between individuals (the law of torts or private injuries, contracts, property, wills, inheritance, marriage, divorce, adoption, and the like).

(III) *A more familiar distinction is between civil law and criminal law. Civil law, as private law, consists of a body of rules and procedures tended to govern the conduct of individuals in their relationships with others. Violations of civil statutes, called torts, are private wrongs for which the injured individual may seek redress in the courts for the harm he or she experienced. In most cases, some form of payment is required from the offender to compensate for the injury he or she has caused. Criminal law is concerned with the definition of crime and the prosecution and penal treatment of offenders. Although a criminal act may cause harm to some individual, crimes are regarded as offenses against the state or "the people." A crime is a "public," as opposed to a "private," wrong. It is the state, not the harmed individual that takes action against the offender. Occasionally, a criminal action may be followed up by a civil suit such as in a rape case where the victim may seek financial compensation in addition to criminal sanctions.

(IV) A distinction can also be made between civil law and common law. In this context, civil law refers to legal systems whose development was greatly influenced by Roman law, a collection of codes compiled in the Corpus Juris Civilis (Code Civil). Civil-law systems are codified systems, and the basic law is found in codes. These are statutes that are enacted by national parliaments. France is an example of a civil law system. The civil code of France, which first appeared in 1804, is called the Code Napoleon and embodies the civil law of the country. By contrast, common law resisted codification. Law is not based on acts of parliament but on case law, which relies on precedents set by judges to decide a case. Thus, it is "judge-made" law as distinguished from legislation or "enacted" law. *

(Adapted from Law and Society by Steven Vago)

EXERCISE 3. Scan the text and find definitions to these legal terms:

- tort

- crime

EXERCISE 4.Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. Into what categories can the law be divided?

2. What is the difference between private and public law?

3. What is civil law concerned with?

4. What is criminal law concerned with?

5. What is the difference between civil and common law systems?

EXERCISE 5. Read the text carefully and complete the sentences given below.

1. Law can be divided into public and ________.

2. Private law is concerned with private ________, contracts, wills and the like.

3. Some form of payment is required from the ________ to compensate for the injury he or she has caused.

4. Criminal law is concerned with the ________ and penal treatment of offenders.

5. A criminal act may cause ________ to some individual.

6. ________ are offenses against the state.

7. Violations of ________statutes are private wrongs.

8. Civil law systems are ________ systems.

9. ________ law is based on case law.

10. Case law relies on precedents set by ________ to decide a case.

EXERCISE 6. Put the words into the right order (subject-verb-object) tomake up sentences.

1. crime, the state, offence, against, is.

__________________________________________________________________

2. the victim, is, offender, to compensate, required.

_________________________________________________________________

3. a civil statute, is, tort, violation, called, of.

__________________________________________________________________

4. may, harm, to, cause, a criminal act, some, individual.

___________________________________________________________

5. a criminal case, takes, action, the offender, in, the state, against.

_________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 7. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find in the text the English equivalents for these Russian legal terms and expressions.

- материальное право (I)

- процеcсyaльное право (I)

- выдвигать обвинение (I)

- публичное право (II)

- частное право (II)

- проприетарные, вещно-правовые полномочия (II)

- гражданское право (III)

- уголовное право (III)

- совокупность норм права (III)

- потерпевший, получивший телесные повреждения (III)

- добиваться, требовать возмещения, удовлетворения (III)

- причинить вред (III)

- возбудить судебное дело(III)

- уголовный судебный процесс (III)

- гражданский иск (III)

- система общего права (IV)

- система гражданского права (IV)

- прецедентное право (IV)

EXERCISE 8. Do your mind map for the text TYPES OF LAW.

EXERCISE 9. Translate the text TYPES OF LAW into Russian.