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SummaryDate: 2015-10-07; view: 435. Relying on the observation that business activities ultimately result in an exchange of some type, the accounting discipline for recording data on business activity uses the concept of a transaction to indicate when an activity has occurred. As this chapter illustrates, a systematic recording of transactions by different recording processes provides a description of business activities. The transactions concept may also be used to describe future or planned activities and current or standard activities.
I. Key terms:
II. Vocabulary notes:
III. Choose the proper words and answer the following questions:
1. What resources are the _____ of a company? a) transactions b) assets c) needs 2. What is known as the _____ of assets? a) wants b) claims c) sources 3. What is used up or spent to provide _____? a) revenue b) tax c) expenses 4. What is the net ..... in assets and the excess of the assets? a) tax b) increase c) decrease 5. Why does ..... increase the owner's equity in the business? a) feature b) revenue c) income 6. What does traditional accounting ..... rely heavily on? a) report b) information c) business 7. What do accountants tend to ..... for recording purposes? a) analyse b) exchange c) asіume 8. What kind of information is ..... accounting one? a) traditional b) distinct c) economic
IV. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following word combinations:
V. Find English equivalents for the following word combinations:
VI. Translate the following words and word combinations:
операції по обміну; економічна одиниця (фірма); акціонерний капітал; готівка; продаж товарів; операція накопичення; поступова передача у власність; економічні права; операції по передачі у власність; в обмін за звільнення від відповідальності; поступове використання машин; процедури збору облікової інформації; цілі придбання та використання економічних ресурсів; забезпечувати класифікацію операцій; розкрити характер ділової активності; обгрунтування припущення; процес подвійного запису; відсутність; поставка взуття клієнтам; відмовлятись; безсумнівно; процес накопичення; усунути відставання; концепція накопичення; операції обміну між двома сторонами; операції передачі у середині підприємства (компанії); запис даних по діловій активності.
VII. Answer the following questions:
1) What are the assets of a company? 2) What does a transaction provide? 3) What do all business and economic activity culminate in? 4) Why will a record of an entity transactions reveal its significant activities? 5) What would the flow of the machinery in exchange for relief from responsibility for the machinery represent? 6) When does documentary evidence, such as a receipt or a signed authorisation, arise? 7) When is verification difficult? 8) What should provide a record of all transfers of rights either within the entity or between the entity and an ouside group? 9) Where should the concept of transaction reflect changes? 10)What are the limitations to the transaction concept? 11)How do changes in the market price of economic resources often occur? 12)Correlate the concept of a transaction and the concept of an accrued transaction. 13)What does an accrued transaction include? 14)What do the procedure of accounting largely represent? 15)What does the development of these procedures involve? 16)There are three types of transactions, why is it important to distinguish them? 17)How does accounting reveal the activities which appear to be the most desirable for the entity to carry out in the future? 18)How does accounting reveal the actions which will have to be taken at appropriate times to carry out the plans most effectively? 19)How does accounting reveal the current state of the entyty's activities? 20)When will the information disclosed enable management to take actions for bringing current activities in line with planned activities? 21)What provides a description of the entyty's activities over a period of time? 22)What will systematic study and analysis of the descriptions afford insights into the nature of an entity's operations? 23)What is the most useful classification for accounting purposes? 24)What are two main types of external transaction? Describe exchange transactions and accrued transactions. 25)What are two main types of internal transactions? Describe transfer transactions and accrued transactions. 26)Is the study of accounting procedures largely the study for collecting data on transactions? 27)What provides a means for describing business activities?
VIII. Translate the following questions and answer them in English:
1. Чи має значення те, що обгрунтування припущення того, що всі види ділової активності закінчуються проводками? 2. Чому процес облікових записів може бути неадекватним і чому треба відмовитись від концепції операцій? 3. Чому концепцію операцій неможна використовувати? 4. Чому буде можливо усунути відставання за допомогою процесу накопичення? 5. Як бухгалтери визначили операцію, щоб запобігти розвитку відставання між діловою активністю та операцією? 6. Чи є межа використання концепції накопичення? 7. Що можна сказати про операції зовнішнього обміну? 8. До кого відносяться операції зовнішнього обміну? 9. До якої діяльності відноситься концепція операцій зовнішнього накопичення? 10. До якої діяльності відноситься концепція внутрішніх операцій? 11. Що являють собою операції внутрішнього накопичення? 12. Чим закінчується ділова активність? 13. Що забезпечує в решті решт систематичний запис операцій різними процесами запису? 14. Для чого також може використовуватись концепція операцій?
IX. Memorize the following terms and their Ukrainian equivalents:
X. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs:
1. The equities ... a business represent claims ... the assets if the business is dissolved. 2. Revenue is the payment made ... customers ... the product or service purchased. 3. Income is the excess ... the assets received (revenue) ... the assets used ... to provide the revenue. 4. Traditional accounting information relies ... a transfer or exchange ... the business and outsiders and areas ... the company. 5. A transaction provides a means ... measuring activity. 6. ... a transaction is meant the flow ... economic resources, or rights ... the resources, ... one accounting entity ... another. 7. All business or economic activities culminate ... an exchange rather than ... consumption ... the entity, a record ... an entity's transactions will reveal its significant activities, for the idea ... an exchange underlies ... the concept of a transaction. 8. The flow ... the machinery ... exchange ... relief ... responsibility ... the machinery will represent an activity resulting ... an internal transaction. 9. When the documentary paper exists, it is evidence ... the existence ... the transaction; ... no documentary evidence, verification is more difficult. 10. There are limitations ... the transaction concept, for not all business activities are immediately reflected ... transaction.
XI. Substitute the underlined words for their synonyms given below and translate the sentences:
1. Creditors and proprietors are the souces of the assets of a business. 2. The sources of assets are known as the shares of a business. 3. Income is the surplus of the assets received over the assets used up to provide the revenue; it is the net addition in assets. 4. Accountants aim to assume for recording purposes that an activity takes place when an exchange appears. 5. Since substantially business or economic activities climax in an exchange rather than in consumption by the entity, a record of an entity transactions will reveal its important activities, for the idea of an exchange underlies the theory of a transaction. 6. When the documentary paper exists, it is affirmation of the existence of the transaction; with no documentary evidence, control is more difficult. 7. Anyhow, if the significant activities are to be measured, the accounting process should arrange for a record of all transfers of rights either within the business or between the entity and an outside group.
XII. Fill in the blanks from the words below. Translate the sentences:
1. The concept of a transaction should _____ changes in the economic wealth of the _____, changes in responsibility for the _____, changes in the nature or form of the wealth, and changes in the rights to the wealth. 2. There are _____ to the transaction concept, for not all business activities are _____ reflected in a transaction. 3. Changes in the _____ price of economic resources often occur without regard to business activities _____ at a future transaction. 4. In an effort _____ limitations, the accounting discipline has stretched the concept of transaction to include the concept of an _____ transaction, which includes _____ of changes in wealth prior to the time the exchange transaction occurs. 5. It is important to _____ three types of transactions, for different _____ and communication methods are appropriate for each type. 6. By measuring _____ information on planned future transactions, _____ reveals those actions which will have to be taken at appropriate times to carry out the plans most effectively. 7. Accounting for the planned transactions _____ relating them to each other so that a _____ company relates. 8. By measuring and communicating information on _____ transactions, accounting reveals the current state of the entity's activities. 9. Measurement and communication of past transactions provide a _____ of the entity's activities over a _____ of time. 10. Systematic study and analysis of the descriptions afford _____ into the nature of an entity's operations.
XIII. Analyze the following sentences with passive constructions and translate them:
1. Transactions may be classified in a number of ways. 2. Accrued transactions, wherein there is a continuous gradual transfer or receipt of economic rights or services by the company to or from an outside party with the understanding that payment for the services will be made later. 3. Since business activities are directed toward the objectives of acquiring and using economic resources, traditional accounting procedures normally measure transactions in terms of monetary worth of the resources involved in the transactions. 4. If the “lag” between a business activity and the transaction were substantial, the criticism could be made that the accounting recording process is inadequate and should abandon the transaction concept. 5. However, there is no reason to think that the lag between business activity and the resulting transaction is so great that the transaction concept cannot be used. 6. The concept of an accrued transaction as it is used for double entry recording can best be explained by discussion of the four types of transactions. 7. While the description is satisfactory for most general purposes, for accounting purposes a transaction is defined in several special ways. 8. Internal accrued transactions are recognized periodically, generally at the end of each month. 9. The transaction concept may also be used to describe future or planned activities and current or standard activities. 10. By measuring and communicating information on planned future transactions, accounting reveals those actions which will have to be taken at appropriate times to carry out the plans most effectively. 11. If Company A is considering buying either machine X or machine Y at some future date, a decision will have to be made between the two possible future transactions. 12. Accounting for possible future transactions may involve cost and revenue estimates for each proposal to indicate which machine should be required. Once a decision is made, a planned future transaction exists. 13. The sources of the assets of a business are known as the equities of a business. 14. If the significant activities are to be measured, the accounting process should provide a record of all transfers of rights either within the entity or between the entity and an outside group.
XIV. Translate the following text:
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