![]() |
Inventory turnoverDate: 2015-10-07; view: 440. Number of days' sales in receivables Return on investment 4. Percentage statements 5. Comparative statements over time For management purposes, analyses are usually more precise. Three conventional techniques used for these purposes are: 1. Analysis of rate of return on investment 2. Volume sensitivity analysis 3. Analysis of changes in income over time
I. Key terms:
II. Vocabulary notes:
III. Choose the proper words and answer the following questions:
1. What is the _____ of public accounting reports? a) company b) items c) objective 2. What may be revealed by analysis and study of the _____? a) statements b) trends c) ratios 3. Where are the underlying principles of accounting _____ to be found? a) practice b) analysis c) theory 4. What can the process for _____ of information on a company's activities best be explained by? a) report b) disclosure c) firm 5. What can be said _____ the general-purpose analysis? a) about b) on c) under 6. What does the analysis for credit and investment purposes ______? a) evaluate b) aim c) achieve 7. The analysis for management purposes aims to _____ successful and unsuccessful plans and operations, doesn't it? a) disclose b) support c) operate 8. What preliminary steps must be taken _____ the data in suitable form? a) to present b) to give c) to arrange
IV. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following word combinations:
V. Find English equivalents for the following word combinations:
VI. Translate the following words and word combinations:
бухгалтерські звіти; допоміжні відносини; принципи, що лежать в основі; теорія комунікації; виявляти; аналіз коефіцієнтів; розкриття інформації; лише; цілі інвестування; попередня організація; попередні кроки; організація інформації; оцінка аналізу; округлення сум; порівняльні звіти; нормативи для порівняння; неформальні стандарти; поточні результати; бюджетні і планові стандарти; рахування; загальний характер; скорочення інформації; деталізована маса даних; процес комунікації; дані, що передаються; перекласифікація сум; однорідна класифікаційна система; амортизація поточного року; отримувач повідомлення; надмірне обезцінення вартості; відшкодування; знижка; облігація; строк боргового зобов'язання; непослідовність; оборотність; інвестувати гроші; займати гроші; звіти в процентах; статистично-математичні методи; припущення; аналіз облікових звітів; коефіцієнт капітал-акціонери.
VIII. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the objective of public accounting reports? What do they represent? 2. What may be revealed by analysis and study of the accounting statements? 3. Information and communication theories give the underlying principles of accounting analysis, but what does the practice reveal? 4. Analysis discloses information on a company's activities, and how can the process be explained? 5. Describe three types of analyses. 6. What are the tasks for which certain preliminary steps must be taken to arrange the data in suitable form? 7. Why should other analyses be made for which comparative data will be available? 8. What types of standard should be for every analysis? 9. How is it possible to make computations easier? 10. Why is it important to round off all amounts in the statements? 11. Why is it dangerous to round off the amounts? 12. What does the usefulness, according to communication theory, derive from? 13. How is effective communication of accounting information improved? 14. What does the general information provide? 15. What system should be used for all amounts compared? 16. What should be removed and revealed in developing a uniform classification system? 17. All reductions in liabilities and assets which have occurred should be recorded, shouldn't they? Why? 18. What should be deducted from the liability?
VIII. Translate the following questions and answer them in English:
1. Чи завжди інформація може бути доступною для перекласифікації? 2. Яка ціль аналізу? 3. Як може максимальна сума облікової інформації передаватись? 4. Що потребує аналіз для розробки корисної інформації для різних цілей? 5. Що включає перегрупування та переробку основних даних? 6. Від чого залежить вибір статистичних вимірів, коефіцієнтів, порівнянь, напрямків? 7. Що повинен детально визначити аналітик? 8. Що включає типовий аналіз для визначення того, чи позичати чи інвестувати гроші в компанію? 9. Для чого впроваджується аналіз бухгалтерських звітів? 10. Які методи використовуються для детального вивчення діяльності компанії? 11. На чому базується основне поняття облікового процесу? 12. Що використовується для викриття інформації в бухгалтерських звітах? 13. Для кого може розроблятись інформація в результаті аналізу бухгалтерського звіту? 14. Як повинні визначатись доступні дані? 15. Якщо необхідно зробити широку інтерпретацію даних, що з ними можна зробити?
IX. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs wherever necessary:
1. The practice is best revealed ___ a study ___ what analysts do, and ___ practice ratio analysis and trend studies are widely used analytical techniques. 2. The underlying principles ___ accounting analysis are to be found ___ information theory and communication theory. 3. While analysis ___ all types ___ accounting reports is desirable ___ disclosure ___ information ___ a company's activities, the process can best be explained ___ emphasizing methods ___ analyzing ___ the public accounting reports. 4. There is limited significance ___ any analysis which does not provide a basis ___ determining whether the information developed ___ the analysis is favourable or unfavourable. 5. ___ every analysis, there should be some type ___ standard___ which the resulting information may be compared. 6. Computations are made easier ___ rounding ___ all amounts ___ the statements ___ the nearest $1,000 ($100 ___ a small company). 7. ___ reducing ___ the mass ___ simple measures by expressing dollar amounts ___ thousands of dollars, or ___ developing ___ one measure which summarizes the significance ___ a number of separate measures, effective communication ___ accounting information is improved. 8. If analyzed data are to be compared, a uniform classification system should be used ___ all amounts compared.
X. Substitute the underlined words for their synonyms and translate the sentences:
1. If depreciation has been computed on the assumption of an average 20-year life, this policy should be followed consistently. 2. If the current year's depreciation has been computed on a 10-year instead of 20-year life, the excess depreciation should be reclassified as part of the asset, for purposes of comparison. 3. All reductions in liabilities and assets which have occurred should be recorded. 4. Treasury stock should not be treated as an asset but as a reduction in the stockholders' equity, because it is a reduction in an equity and not in an asset. 5. In many instances information will not be available to allow a satisfactory reclassification or even to know whether reclassification is appropriate. 6. Analyses to develop information useful for different purposes will require different aggregations of the basic data. 7. In general, the analyst should determine in detail the purpose for which the information is to be used before selecting the types of ratios and comparisons to be made.
XI. Complete the following words and translate the sentences:
XII. Complete the following table with synonyms and antonyms if any:
XIII. Complete the following table with derivatives if any:
XV. Analyze the following sentences with passive constructions and translate them:
1. Accounting reports represent raw material to be used in developing an understanding of a company and its operations. 2. The underlying principles of accounting analysis are to be found in information theory and communication theory. 3. The practice is best revealed by a study of what analysts do and in practice ratio analysis and trend studies are widely used analytical techniques. 4. Regardless of the purpose for which an analysis is made, certain preliminary steps must be taken to arrange the data in suitable form. 5. It is necessary to reclassify accounts, especially if comparative statements over a period of time are used, so that a uniform classification will be used in all analyses. 6. If comparative data are not available or cannot be developed, other analyses should be made for which comparative data will be available. 7. If analyzed data are to be compared a uniform classification system should be used for all amounts compared. 8. If depreciation has been computed on the assumption of an average 20-year life, this policy should be followed consistently, and if the current year's depreciation has been computed on a 10-year instead of the 20-year life, the excess depreciation should be reclassified as part of the asset, for purposes of comparison. 9. In developing a uniform classification system, all offsets – where liabilities are reduced by assets so that only the net liability is reported, or vice versa – should be removed and all assets and liabilities revealed. 10. Treasury stock should not be treated as an asset but as a reduction in the stockholders' equity, because it is a reduction in an equity and not an asset. Also bond discount should be deducted from the liability. 11. If the statements have been certified by a certified public accountant as a fair representation of the accounting facts, it is appropriate to assume that for a particular company no material inconsistencies exist in the classification of amounts from period to period. 12. It is impossible to list all of the comparisons which may be made. 13. The analyst should determine in detail the purpose for which the information is to be used before selecting the types of ratios and comparisons to be made. 14. The information to be subject is based on the assumption that masses of data are often best understood when reduced to one significant figure. 15. Effective analysis of accounting reports can seldom be reduced to a process of computing 8 or 10 ratios. 16. The more informative analyses depend upon the use that is to be made of the information. 17. Effective analysis requires that the data available be unambiguously defined. Not-comparable data should be adjusted.
XV. Translate the following text:
|