ГЛАГОЛОМ В НАСТОЯЩЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНИ.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 959.

В придаточных предложениях времени (после союзов when когда, after после того как, before до того как, until пока не) и условия (после союза if если) действия в будущем обозначаются

Write an abstract to the text.

Give an oral summary of the text in your own words using your plan and the sentences you've written out.

Write out of the text the sentences expressing the main idea(s) of each logical unit.

Give your own conclusion to the text.

Condense the sentences of the text where possible.

Примеры:

1. After they buy the new equipment they will teach their
workers to work with it.

После того как они купят новое оборудование, они будут учить своих рабочих работать с ним.

2. If the country invests more money in education,
productivity and living standards will be higher.

Если страна вложит больше денег в образование, про­изводительность и жизненный уровень будут выше.

I. Раскройте скобки, вставьте глаголы в нужной форме.

1. If the government's policy (to be) proper, employment (to be) higher.

2. Russia (to improve) conditions of scientists⁵ work, there (to be) great progress in science.

3. When the enterprise (to work) more profitably, it (to compete) with other enterprises more successfully.

4. When the factory (to produce) more goods, it (to require) more resources.

5. Before the manager (to make) a decision, he (to study) all the data.

6. If the price of the good (not to raise), the company (not to make) any profit.

7. If the economists (not to use) the new method of analysis, they (not to make) a correct model.

8. After the prices (to rise), the demand for these goods (to fall).

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ В БУДУЩЕМ

ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНИ

SHALL/ WILL 4- BE + ed (или третья форма неправильных глаголов — Причастие II)

УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

* Раньше глагол shall обязательно употреблялся в 1 лице единственного и множественного числа, сейчас во всех лицах может употребляться глагол will.

ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

I/We shall not be (shan't) asked to help tomorrow.

You/He/She/ will not be taught economics next

They (won't) yean

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ

Yes, you will. No, she won't. Yes, we shall/will. No, we shan't/won't.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Where shall I/we

be asked questions on the article?

Why will you/he/she/it/they

II. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глагол в страдательном залоге в форме будущего простого времени.

1. Some people think that euro (to use) by ail countries of West Europe next decade.

2. The minister says wages (to raise) by 5 percent.

3. More workers (to employ) by the company this year.

4. New factories (not/to build) in the area in the near future.

5. The school (to close) next year as there aren't many children

here.

6. Some market research (to do) before they start producing
the new material.

7. If the farmer improves soil, the value of his farm (to
increase).

TEXT LABOUR ECONOMICS

Labour economics studies the functioning of the market for labour, its participants — workers and employers — and the resulting wages and employment. It is an important subject because unemployment affects the public most severely. Full employment is a goal of many governments.

Let's have a look at major concepts of labour economics.

Labour force is the number of employed people plus the unemployed* seeking work. It does not include those who are not looking for work such as prisoners or the disabled, stay-at-home spouses, children or the military. Labour force depends on the size of population and its natural growth, immigration and retirements.

The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed workers expressed as a percentage of the labour force. Natural rate of unemployment is a result of time needed to find a job and of mismatch between workers' skills and skills demanded by employers. Unemployment beyond the natural rate results from insufficient demand in economy.

Labour economics focuses on labour markets which are both similar to markets of goods and differ from them. Perhaps the most important difference is the way in which demand for labour influences its supply and price. In markets for goods if the price is high more goods will be produced until the demand is met. But the time in the day is limited and people are not manufactured. If wages rise the supply of labour, in many situations, will not be increased. The supply will not be changed or even less labour will be supplied as workers take more time off to spend their increased wages.

Another difference of labour market from other markets is a greater role of non-economic factors both for workers and employers. Workers more willingly apply for jobs where they have personal connections and they are more willingly hired there. Group membership, race or nationality of the worker influences firms' hiring decisions.

Labour market analyses have recently turned to unpaid labour which was neglected by economics in the past. Although this type of labour is unpaid it affects society as a whole. The most dramatic examples are child raising and work in home gardens.

Пояснения к тексту

*the unemployed— прилагательное, употребленное с оп­ределенным артиклем (the), обозначает всех представи­телей данной категории людей, то есть имеет значение су­ществительного множественного числа — «безработные». См. также "the disabled" — «нетрудоспособное население, инвалиды» и "the military" — «военные».

III. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What does labour economics study?

2. Who does labour force include?

3. What is unemployment?

4. What does unemployment result from?

5. How does demand for labour affect its supply and price?

6. How do non-economic factors work in the labour market?

7. Is unpaid labour considered in economics? Why (not)?

IV. Вставьте слова и выражения из активного словаря курокам 7 и 8 в правильной форме: to create, percentage (2), toevaluate, to support, to result from, sufficient, wage, retirement,to apply for, to meet, natural rate of unemployment, to differ from,to depend on, to do research.

1. If there is no mismatch between workers' skills and employers' requirements it will be easier... these requirements.

2. ... reflects time required to find a job.

3. University students ... in most advanced fields of science.

4. What... of his income does he pay in tax?

5. Farmers ... by the government in many countries.

6. In order to win the market a new product must ... other goods in the market.

7. Only a small... of all the unemployed ... jobs by means of the Internet.

8. ... age in this country is 55 for women and 60 for men.

9. A worker's...... his skills.

10. Unemployment can ... technological advance that... new jobs requiring new skills.

11. The manager has ... data for making the decision.

12. Before a house is sold it... by a real estate agent [агент по продаже недвижимости].

V, Раскройте скобки, употребите глагол в нужном време­
ни, в форме действительного или страдательного залога.

1. If the government (to spend) more money on higher education more young people (to go to university).

2. If he (not/to feel) better he (to retire) at the end of the year.

3. The supply of labour (not/to change) if wages (to increase).

4. Wages (to increase) when the general level of prices (to rise).

5. If the demand for goods (to grow) factories (to produce) more of them until the demand (to meet).

6. If the living standard (to grow) the natural growth of population (to increase), too.

7. When a worker's skills (to improve) his wage (to raise).

8. There (to be) creative and non-creative jobs.