Task1. Read the speech made by President Vladimir Putin again and answer
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 479.
MODEL
SPEECH FOCUS
| Informative speeches inform your audience about a topic, event, or area of knowledge.Instructional speeches provide information about how to do something. Persuasive speeches attempt to convince or persuade the audience. How to write a good speech? |
| Step 1. Objectives Objectives is what you want to achieve: to inform, persuade, train, or entertain the audience. |
| Step 2. Audience To decide on how to achieve your objective you should know your audience: n what kind and number of people it consists of, n what they need to know, n what they already know, n what they expect from you, n what their reaction can be. |
| Step 3. Approach n Tone. The audience determines the tone of your speech. The tone expresses your attitude towards the audience. It can be formal or informal. To choose the right tone is crucial for establishing rapport. n Point of view. The audience also determines how openly and straightforwardly you can express your attitude towards the subject of your speech, i.e. your point of view. To opt the tone and point of view beforehand is a must. |
| Step 4. Content Content is information you use to substantiate your idea. If the objective is n to inform - you have to present as much relative information on the topic as possible irrespective of whether it is negative or positive; n to persuade - you should select only those facts which support a particular point of view. |
| Step 5. Structure IntroductionUse the introduction to welcome your audience, introduce your topic/ subject, outline the structure of your talk (optional), provide guidelines on questions (optional). Body ( informative speech).Easily digestible parts n Logical order n Length and structure depends on information to be conveyed Body (persuasive speech) – 1) Inductionis a process of reasoning that moves from specific information to general conclusions. The specific information is often empirical data. However, the specific information might also be textual evidence used to support or prove an argument. 2) Deductionis a process of reasoning that begins with premises or commonly held beliefs and moves to conclusions. 3) 4P's n Positions (background information: history and present state of affairs) n Problem n Possible decisions n Proposal ConclusionUse the conclusion to summarize the main points of your speech, end with a strong statement and thank your audience. After that invite questions (optional). Experts in communication recommend to prepare the introduction and conclusion after the main body of the presentation is ready. |
| Step 6. Language n Simplicity - Use short words and sentences n Clarity and accuracy - Use active verbs and concrete words n Signalling - Indicate when you've completed one point and are moving to the next n Impact – Use emotional, evaluative and expressive words, rhetorical devices (metaphors, similes, alliteration, rhetorical questions, repetitions, parallel constructions etc.). |
a) the questions concerning its language:
1) What political or economic terms are used in the speech? Give examples and their Russian equivalents.
2) Are there any cultural-specific references (for example, references to history, important places or persons) in the speech? Comment on them.
3) Politicians use words and sentences in an emotive manner, it is part of their aim to create a feeling of solidarity, to arouse various emotions. What stylistic devices (metaphors, similes, rhetorical questions, parallel constructions, etc.) are used in this speech? Give examples.
4) What is the function of repetitions in Putin's speech?
5) Why does the speaker use a quotation at the beginning of his speech?
6) Does the speaker unite himself with the audience or, on the contrary, does he oppose himself to it? Analyze the use of personal pronouns.
7) Vladimir Putin is famous for his expressive language and ironic tone of voice. What lexical means make his speech emotional in this case? Does the speaker use expressive words, colloquial language, idioms?
8) Are there any passages which can be considered ironical?
b) the questions concerning its rhetoric and style:
1) What can you say about President Putin's audience? What kind and number of people did it consist of?
2) What was the event where President Putin made this speech? Was he a participant of the event or was he a guest there?
3) What passage performs the function of introduction? What is its structure?
4) How does the speaker establish a contact with the audience?
5) What is the tone of the introduction: formal – informal, neutral – ironical, positive – negative, calm – aggressive, other? Give your reasons.
6) What, in your opinion, is the speaker's objective?
7) What, in your opinion, is the key idea of the speech?
8) What issues are discussed by the speaker in the body of the speech? How are they arranged?
9) What arguments are used by the speaker? Classify them into rational (facts, statistics, experts' opinion, precedents, etc.) and psychological (appeal to the audience, emotions of the audience, common sense, etc.).
10)What rhetorical strategy (deduction, induction, 4P's) is chosen by the speaker? Why?
11)What passage performs the function of conclusion?
12)What linguistic means make the audience think that the speaker is going to conclude?
13)Is it, in your opinion, a strong conclusion, that is, a tying together of everything that was discussed in the introduction and body of the speech?
14)Does Vladimir Putin's manner of public speaking appeal to you? Why? Why not?