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Unit 1. Sounds and Letters. Reading Rules
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 659.
Any language has its oral and written forms. In oral form words of the language consist of sounds (table 2.) while in written form we use letters (table 1.). So sounds and letters should be differentiated as they belong to completely different language forms.
Table 1. English letters (the ABC, 26 letters)
| Aa
eI
| Bb
bi:
| Cc
si:
| Dd
di:
| Ee
i:
| Ff
ef
| Gg
dZi:
| | Hh
eItS
| Ii
aI
| Jj
dZeI
| Kk
keI
| Ll
el
| Mm
em
| Nn
en
| | Oo
@U
| Pp
pi:
| Qq
kju:
| Rr
A:r
| Ss
es
| Tt
ti:
| Uu
ju:
| | Vv
vi:
| Ww
"dVbl ju:
| Xx
eks
| Yy
waI
| Zz
zed
|
|
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Table 2. English sounds (Phonetic Alphabet (transcription), 44 speech sounds)
| Vowels
| | i:
read
| I
sit
| U
book
| u:
two
| I@
here
| eI
day
|
| | e
pen
| @
letter
| 3:
girl
| O:
sport
| U@
tour
| OI
boy
| @U
home
| | {
cat
| V
bug
| A:
car
| Q
hot
| e@
care
| aI
high
| aU
now
| | Consonants
| | p
pig
| b
bed
| t
time
| d
do
| k
can
| g
go
| tS
child
| dZ
joke
| | s
say
| z
zoo
| f
foot
| v
vet
| T
three
| D
they
| S
show
| Z
casual
| | m
my
| n
no
| N
long
| w
wing
| r
rose
| l
lily
| j
yes
| h
ham
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
In many languages there is some difference between oral and written forms of words. In English this difference is quite big so learners sometimes have difficulties with reading words out loud. English sounds significantly outnumber English letters: 44 sounds and 26 letters. This difference is observed mostly in the system of vowels. Six English vowel letters correspond to twenty vowel sounds. It means that one and the same vowel letter can be pronounced as a few different sounds depending on the letter position in a word. Vice versa, one and the same sound can correspond to different letters or letter combinations in written form.
For example, plan [{] – plane [eI] – park [A:] – paw [O:]
my – side – high – eye [aI]
Learning reading rules can help a student to master pronunciation of words but he/she should remember that there are many exceptions which are usually frequently used words.
| READING OF VOWEL LETTERS
| | | Stressed syllable
|
|
| | | open syllable
| [eI]
| take, place, name, cake, state
| | | closed syllable
| [{]
| map, sat, stand, happy, apple
| | | before r
| [A:]
| car, art, dark, farm, party
| | | before re
| [E@]
| care, bare, share, prepare
| | А
| Unstressed syllable
| [@]
| ago, about, legal, formal
| | а
| Combinations
|
|
| | | ai, ay
| [eI]
| main, chain, day, way, play
| | | aw, au
| [O:]
| saw, law, autumn, cause
| | | аrafter w
| [O:]
| war, warm, warn
| | | аrafter qu
| [O:]
| quarter, quarrel
| | | an + consonant
| [A:]
| answer, dance, chance
| | | а+ ss, st, sk
| [A:]
| class, last, ask, task
| | | а+ ft, th
| [A:]
| after, craft, bath, rather
| | | w (h)+ a
| [Q]
| watch, wash, was, what, want
| | | Stressed syllable
|
|
| | | open syllable
| [i:]
| be, he, me, see, meter, Peter
| | | closed syllable
| [e]
| best, next, left, smell
| | | before r
| [3:]
| her, term, verse
| | | before rе
| [I@]
| here, mere, severe
| | | Unstressed syllable
| [I]
| begin, return, because, between
| | |
| [@]
| mother, father, corner, over
| | Е
| Combinations
|
|
| | е
| ее, еа
| [i:]
| green, seem, sea, clean
| | | еа+ d
| [e]
| bread, head, already
| | | Exceptions:
|
| read [rid], lead [li:d]
| | | ei + gh
| [eI]
| eight, weigh
| | | ew
| [ju:], [u:]
| few, new, grew, blew
| | | еу
| [eI]
| grey, obey
| | | ее, еа+ г
| [I@]
| deer, dear, hear, appear
| | | ear +consonant
| [3:]
| learn, earth, early
| | | Stressed syllable
|
|
| | | open syllable
| [aI]
| life, five, fine, tie, time
| | | Exceptions:
|
| live [liv], give [giv]
| | | closed syllable
| [I]
| sit, lift, pick, little
| | I
| before r
| [3:]
| bird, girl, first, circle
| | i
| before rе
| [aI@]
| fire, tired, admire
| | | Unstressed syllable
| [I]
| origin, engine
| | | Combinations
|
|
| | | i+ Id, nd
| [aI]
| child, find, kind, mind
| | | Exceptions:
|
| children ['ʧildren],
| | |
|
| window [‘wındзʋ]
| | | i + gh
| [aI]
| right, light, night, high
| | | Stressed syllable
|
|
| | | closed
| [зʋ]
| close, note, rose, home
| | | open
| [ɒ]
| stop, long, song, copper
| | | before r
| [ɔ:]
| form, born, fork, border
| | | before rе
| [ɔ:]
| store, before, restore
| | | Unstressed syllable
| [зʋ]
| photo, motto, Negro
| | | suffix -ous
| [əs]
| famous, various, numerous
| | | suffix -or
| [ə]
| doctor, tractor, conductor
| | О
| Combinations
|
|
| |
| оа
| [@U]
| coat, boat, road, roast
| | | oi, оy
| [OI]
| oil, noise, boy, enjoy
| | | оо + k
| [U]
| look, book, took
| | | оо+ l, т, n, d, t
| [u:]
| cool, room, soon, food, root
| | | оо + r
| [O:]
| door, floor
| | | ou + gh
| [O:]
| bought, thought, brought
| | | o + m, n, v, th
| [V]
| come, son, love, mother, ton, won
but: move [u:], gone [Q], novel [Q]
| | | о + l + consonant
| [@U]
| old, cold, told, hold
| | | ow + consonat
| [aU]
| town, brown, crowd, down
| | | ow (at the end)
| [@U]
| know, grow, low, slow, show
| | |
|
| but: now [aU]
| | | or + w
| [3:]
| work, word, world, worse
| | | Stressed syllable
|
|
| | | open
| [ju:]
| tube, tune, useful
| | U
| open
| [u:]
| blue, true, June
| | u
| closed
| [V]
| cut, but, hurry, hunter
| | | before r + consonant
| [3:]
| turn, burn, curly, hurt
| | | before r + vowel
| [jU@], [U@]
| pure, during, sure
| | | Unstressed syllable
| [@]
| upon, success, difficult
| | | Stressed syllable
|
|
| | | open
| [aI]
| my, try, type, cycle
| | Y
| closed
| [I]
| symbol, system
| | у
| before r
| [aI@]
| tyre
| | | before vowel
| [j]
| year, you, young, yet
| | | Unstressed syllable
| [I]
| any, many, very, only
|
|
| READING OF CONSONANT LETTERS
| | | перед е, i, у
| [s]
| face, city, bicycle
| | | перед а, о, u
| [k]
| case, cat, cut, cool, coal
| | C
| и согласной
|
| class, fact
| | с
| Сочетания ch, tch
| [tS]
| watch, match, bench, chief
| | | ck
| [k]
| clock, thick, quick
| | | перед е, i, у
| [dZ]
| page, age, engineer, gym
| | G
| перед а, о, u
| [g]
| gate, got, gun, fog
| | g
| и согласной
|
| great
| | | Сочетания
|
|
| | | ng
| [N]
| bring, sing, ring
| | | в начале слова
| [s]
| say, such, send, stop, speak
| | | перед глухой
| [s]
| rest, best, ask, test
| | | согласной
|
|
| | | после глухих
| [s]
| books, desks, asks, gets, puts
| | S
| согласных
|
|
| | s
| после звонких со-
| [z]
| beds, reads, boys, days, goes
| | | гласных и гласных
|
| factories
| | | между гласными
| [z]
| rise, these, please
| | | перед суф. -ion, -urе
| [Z]
| occassion, pleasure, measure
| | | в суффиксе -ous
| [s]
| famous, numerous
| | | перед гласной
| [w]
| wind, was
| | W
| перед h
| [w]
| when, where, what, why, white
| | w
| Сочетания
|
|
| | | who
| [h]
| who, whose, whom, whole
| | | wr
| [r]
| write, wrote, wrong
|
|
Exercise 1. Transcribe the words, read them out loud and explain the reading rules:
best, code, nod, tops, sent, bed, these, cod, sold, spoke, mock, theme, block, then, neck, cone, bold, enter, cell, centre, motor, dose, nest, depth, less, self, fold, doctor.
Exercise 2. Transcribe the words, read them out loud and explain the reading rules:
sit, lame, back, miss, sack, gave, tip, tide, tap, late, mad, made, nine, fill, cake, thick, bat, pin, pine, hate, act, ice, plot, face, hid, fate, stamp, spot, pile, land, mist, mole, mark, gold, cap, nose, fix, harm, merry, horn, start, form, exact, examination, exit, sixty, appendix, expend, exotic, except, exile.
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