Exercise 4

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 499.

Translate the sentences defining the tense and the voice of the predicate:

1. Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings has increased (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture has become multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods.

2. There has been an increased separation of the “design” architect from the “project” architect, who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.

3. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession, who feel, that successful architecture is not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create an environment suitable for life, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.

4. At present, environmental sustainability is a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession.

5. The financing of buildings is supported by developers who are educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.

6. More attention is being paid to a structure's energy usage.

7. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment.

8. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Rynin the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand.

9. In the future, the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles will be increasing.

10. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture are increasingly providing inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques.

11. An example of an architecturally innovative green building is the Dynamic Tower which will be powered by wind turbines and solar panels.

12. The fact that architecture is left out of common cultural communication is especially characteristic of the Russian reality.

13. Architecture in the XXI century is moving towards a more sustainable model in order for the continuation of growth and stabilization of the environment.

14. Various architectural styles, from baroque of Peter`s time, rococo, high neoclassicism up to the eclecticism of the late XIX and early XX centuries, are represented by numerous remarkable public buildings in St. Petersburg, ranging in function from riding schools to railway stations, from government offices to upmarket stores.

15. The most notable manifestation of modernism in post-war europe was mass housing construction.

16. In most offices, working drawings are prepared on screen and computer generated images of photographic quality squeeze out the hand drawn images.