GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 517.
THE INFINITIVE
Follow-up activities
16. Choose the key sentences from the“Electric field and Electric current”. and write them down. Now work in pairs (or in groups). Ask your groupmate(s) to translate your Russian versions of the key sentences into English.
18. You are a guest speaker at the conference devoted to the problems of“Electric field and Electric current”. You were asked to deliver a report on these problems. You can use the information from the texts to speak on the theme suggested.
19. Watchthe films and give short summaries in writing. What new information can you learn from them?
1.Fill in the blank with the infinitive with or without "to".
1.Yukawa expected these particles … a mass of two or three hundred times that of an electron.
a) to have, b) have
2.Scientists consider transistors __ radio engineering and electronics.
a) to revolutionize, b) revolutionize
3.I saw them _ measurements with this most precise instrument several times.
a) to make, b) make
4.He wanted the article __ immediately.
a) to be typed, b) be typed
5.I felt the device __.
a) to shake, b) shake
6.The fixed date made us __ with the experiment.
a) to hurry, b) hurry
7.We found the velocity of particles __ on the strength of the field.
a) to depend, b) depend
8.The students watched the laser __ with great interest.
a) to operate, b) operate
9.We know gravity ___ on every particle of a body.
a) to act, b) act
10.I heard him ___ on this problem at the conference
a) to speak, b) speak
2.Choose the right translation of the infinitive. Pay attention to its tense form.
1. The investigation is expected to be completed before the summer vacation
а) будет завершено, б)завершается, в) завершено
2. Our computing center is reported to have solved a number of problems for our economy
а) решает, б) решил, в) будет решать
3. Pyotr Kapitsa was the first to discover super fluidity
а) открывает, б) будет открывать, в) открыл
4. We shall be the first (the last) to write, the written test.
а) пишем, б) писали, в) будем писать
5. They are unlikely to change their plans.
а) изменяют, б) изменили, в) изменят
6. The idea of space flights is known to have attracted the attention of people since the remotest times.
а) привлекает, б) привлекала, в) будет привлекать
7. Не is sure to take part in our discussion.
а) припишет, б) принял, в) примет
8. The construction of the new plant is likely to be completed ahead of time.
а) завершается, б) было завершено,в) будет завершено
9. The lаsеr beam is assumed to have almost unlimited industrial possibilities.
а) имеет, б) имел, в) будет иметь
10. Many new materials are reported to have been scientists by our scientists.
а) синтезируются, б) были синтезирована, в) будут синтезированы
3 Translate into Russian paying attention to the subjective infinitive construction:
1.Radium is known to be very radioactive.
2. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible.
3. Electrons are known to revolve around the nucleus along closed orbits.
4. Their number is known to be equal to that of the protons in the nucleus of the atom. 5. Uranium is known to give off alpha, beta and gamma rays.
6. New types of reactors are reported to have been designed.
7. All nuclei are now believed to be built up from two types of fundamental particles. 8. The problem whether the atom can or cannot be split up is known to have interested scientists from ancient times.
9. If the forces have no tendency to increase or decrease the displacement, the body is considered to be in equilibrium.
10. The atomic weights of over 600 isotopes are known to have been measured with great accuracy.
11. The atomic weights of the light isotopes are known to have been measured with particularly high absolute accuracy.
12. Beryllium is found to have four electrons.
13. All metals are known to consist of minute particles called molecules.
14. A new atomic station is supposed to be built next year.
15. These particles are termed neutrons and have been shown by disintegration experiments to be constituents of all nuclei.
16. The nucleus is now considered to consist of Z protons together with (A—Z) neutrons, where Z is the atomic number and A is the atomic weight.
17. No electrons are considered to be present in the nucleus, but the positive or negative particles emitted in the corresponding radioactive changes are considered to be created by the spontaneous transition of a proton into a neutron or a neutron into a proton.
18. By carrying out experiments similar to those devised to establish the nature of electrons, β-rays may be shown to be electrons moving with velocities which vary over an enormous range both with different elements and for any one element.
19. All the electrons are assumed to be identical.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Objective with the Infinitive Construction:
1. We know an alternating current to be continually changing.
2. We know them to get the experimental information on masses and decay properties of these particles.
3. They expected magnetic moments, electromagnetic mass differences and relative rates of various weak decay processes to tell them something about the structure of the strongly interacting particles.
4. These experiments enable us to test elementary particles.
5. We consider these experimental investigations to be very complicated.
6. We know the weak interactions to be responsible for the slow decays of elementary particles such as beta decay, pi-meson and mu-meson decay.
7. Newton considered light to consist of very tiny particles-corpuscles.
8. One expects most of the parameters to be constants and the others to vary smoothly with energy.
9. We shall consider the core to be inert, and we will allow the particles to populate all states of the open shell.
10. The effect on the single particles is, as we have mentioned before, to cause them to localize in one of the partial regions.
5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive constructions:
1. The number of alpha particles is known to have been counted by Rutherford and Geiger.
2. The total charge is known to have been determined with the special apparatus.
3. The alpha particle is considered to lose its velocity as it passes through matter.
4. Repeated attempts were made to detect the neutrino and obtain more information about its nature.
5. The experiments of Rutherford on the scattering of alpha particles by a variety of elements are known to have led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
6. We know cosmic rays to travel in space outside the earth's atmosphere at speeds nearly equal to that of light. Some of them happen to approach the earth and enter the atmosphere.
7. The term "cosmic rays" is used to refer both to the primary and secondary rays.
8. We know many types of electronic computers to be used in scientific research laboratories.
9. We consider all the bodies to consist of atoms.
10. We know hydrogen to have a single electron.
11. The helium atom is known to have two electrons revolving around the nucleus. 12. The hydrogen atom is supposed to be the simplest of all atoms.
13. The gamma rays proved to be true waves like X-rays, but of much shorter wavelength.
14. The beta rays were found to consist of negative electrons.
15. But alpha rays turned out to be the greatest surprise. The alpha rays proved to be charged electrically with a positive charge. They were heavier than the negative electrons which composed the beta rays.
16. When these "alpha particles", as they later were called, were collected and analysed with the aid of the spectroscope, they turned out to be helium gas.
17. In other words, the atoms of radium were shown by Rutherford's experiments to be giving off atoms of helium.
6. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive constructions:
1.Deformation appeared to have no measurable effect on conductivity.
2.They seem to have applied strong ionization.
3.The people from the Institute of Optics are known to work hard at a new device.
4.This method is believed to have given good results.
5.The result is expected to agree with theoretical predictions.
6.Other gases were found to behave like air.
7.The presence of neutrons is likely to raise no problems.
8.This substance has never been thought to possess radioactive properties.
9.This substance is seen through a microscope to consist of small crystals.
10.There seems to be some confusion of terms in the paper.
11.This device proves to differ from the old ones.
12.This report is sure to be of interest for many people.
13.These elements are known to have been found twenty years ago.
14.The light from a star only recently discovered is known to be coming to us many years.
15.A new method is certain to give good results.
16.Pluto proved to have a diameter of only 3600 miles.
17.This planet is unlikely to have retained any appreciable atmosphere.
18.A nucleus sometimes happens to capture an electron from the k shell.
19.The chief difficulty turned out to be the determination of the formulae of the compounds.
20.This method does not chance to offer any advantages over the discussed above.
7. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive constructions:
1.Experiments have proved the pressure of a gas at fixed temperature to depend on its concentration.
2.Dr. Baker believes the conductivity to be due to foreign impurities.
3.We have thought this law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions.
4.They expected the acceleration to be different for different weights but this was not the case.
5.It is customary to consider the electric current to flow in the opposite direction to the motion of the electrons which constitute it.
6.We may suppose the alpha particles within the nucleus to be in motion.
7.We consider the hotness or coldness of anybody to depend on the quantity of heat possessed by the body.
8.We expect process 1 to dominate for crystals of high purity and high perfection.
9.As in the previous case they will consider these acceptor levels to lie 0.01 – 0.04 electron volt above the top of the filled band for silicon and germanium.
10.Modern optical instruments produce so much information that automatic methods of recording and analysis are needed to enable the brain to comprehend it.
11.The increased thermal energy causes some of the electrons to populate levels in the conduction band where, influenced by an external electric field, they are free to move.
12.Traditional theory considered colours to be the result of the modification of white light.
13.Newton thought he heard Hooke accept his theory of colours.
14.Newton proved it to be true for all spherically symmetric bodies.
15.He considered the brain to be the most important organ for the secretion of this “electric fluid” and the nerves to be conductors of the fluid to the muscles.
8. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive constructions:
1.The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated.
2.Here is one more important point for the speaker to explain.
3.For a reaction to take place, an A molecule must first meet a B molecule.
4.The accuracy of the lunar and solar theories is not sufficient for them to be significant.
5.The lithium nucleus is too small for so many collisions to occur.
6.There is no reason for the conversion of mechanical energy into radiant energy to be continuous.
7.The speed of particles is a bit too swift for us to study them in detail.
8.Quarks had to have half-integral spin for the model to work.
9.At low energies cross sections become larger, partly because there is more time for the forces to act with slower moving particles.
10.Most of these newly discovered particles have too short lifetime for them to be able to combine with electrons.
11.The time required for the electron cloud to pass from the rod to the cylinder was about ten times greater than the half-period of the field.
12.For the current to increase with time additional electrons must be induced in a semiconductor.
13.The interval was less than the time taken for a signal to travel from one particle to the other at the two measurement positions.
14.Bohr modified his formula for the hydrogen atom to fit the helium atom by doubling the charge on the nucleus.
9. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive:
1.Since the whole of the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus, a-rays must originate from the nucleus of the atom.
2.At first it appears possible for the β-particles to originate either in the extra-nuclear structure or to consist of nuclear electrons.
3.Now the radioactive element which results from a p-ray transition in radioactive decay is found to occupy a position in the periodic table with Z one unit higher than the parent element.
4.Hence the a-ray must have originated from the nucleus so as to increase the effective positive charge of the latter by one unit.
5.To examine the accuracy of this approximation, we have also applied this technique to hydrogen.
6.In order to clearly separate dynamic effects the method is applied to positron scattering by atomic hydrogen.
7.The specific charge of an a-particle was found to be almost exactly half that of a proton.
8.The next step was to find the charge by an independent method.
9.To find the charge per particle it is necessary to know the number of particles emitted per second.
10.The positive charge on each a-particle was found to be twice as great as the charge on an electron or proton so that, since its specific charge is half that of a proton the mass of an a-particle must be four times the mass of a proton.
11.Neutrons were found to be emitted when beryllium or boron was bombarded with a-particles.
12.The theory developed here, using these energy-level schemes, can be applied to either ionic or molecular systems.
10. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive constructions:
1.The number of alpha particles is known to have been counted by Rutherford and Geiger.
2.The total charge is known to have been determined with the special apparatus.
3.The alpha particle is considered to lose its velocity as it passes through matter.
4.Repeated attempts were made to detect the neutrino and obtain more information about its nature.
5.The experiments of Rutherford on the scattering of alpha particles by a variety of elements are known to have led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
6.We know cosmic rays to travel in space outside the earth's atmosphere at speeds nearly equal to that of light. Some of them happen to approach the earth and enter the atmosphere.
7.The term "cosmic rays" is used to refer both to the primary and secondary rays.
8.We know many types of electronic computers to be used in scientific research laboratories.
9.We consider all the bodies to consist of atoms.
10.We know hydrogen to have a single electron.
11.The helium atom is known to have two electrons revolving around the nucleus.
12.The hydrogen atom is supposed to be the simplest of all atoms.
13.The gamma rays proved to be true waves like X-rays, but of much shorter wavelength.
14.The beta rays were found to consist of negative electrons. But alpharays turned out to be the greatest surprise. The alpha rays proved to be charged electrically with apositive charge. They were heavier than the negative electrons which composed the beta rays. When these "alpha particles", as they later were called, were collected and analysed with the aid of the spectroscope, they turned out to be helium gas. In other words, the atoms of radium were shown by Rutherford's experiments to be giving off atoms of helium.
11. Define the forms and functions of the infinitives and translate the sentences into Russian:
1.The purpose of this report is to collect and summarize the results obtained at this laboratory on electron-electron and positron-electron scattering experiments.
2.The radiation spectra have been shown by previous studies to be quite complex.
3.The polarization of a continuous neutral spectrum is difficult to measure with accuracy.
4.The two methods described above were used to determine the average polarization.
5.This assumption is known to be only approximately true.
6.For the lowest energy, we take the transmission method to give more reliable results.
7.The results to be presented include the energies and intensities of the protons accompanying the alpha decay of the substance.
8.It will be noted that the gamma ray of 150 kev is shown to come from a level which is not populated by an observable alpha group.
9.In the experiment both ion and electron beams were found to produce backgrounds.
10.It is hard to make a clear picture out of this vague idea.
11.It seems to be important to study the chemical shift for the hydrogen molecule, since accurate experimental data are available for this molecule, and its nuclear magnetic moment is used as the standard for the measurement of magnetic field strength.
12.The aim of the present paper is to show that the same method is also applicable in principle to the calculation of the magnetic properties of this molecule.
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