Science and fields of science

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 412.

READING PASSAGE

Unit One SCIENCE

Units 1-2

Work with a partner. Take it in turns to describe your daily routines.

Person В

I get up as late as I possibly can and jump in and out of the shower. I (1) put on/ fitthe trousers I (2) had on/ got dressedyesterday and take a shirt out of the wardrobe – it doesn't matter which one as long as it's ironed. I find the jacket that (3) fits / goes withthe trousers, look down and check that my socks (4) match / feel,and that's it. Nearly all my clothes are either green or brown, because I've been told that they are the only colours that (5) suit / matchme. So I never really have to worry about what I (6) look like / go with.The important thing is to make sure I have enough time to enjoy my favourite drink of the day: that first cup of coffee...

1. проектировать дороги

2. разрабатывать идеи

3. проверять сложные механизмы

4. транспортное средство

5. цилиндр

6. квадрат

7. призма

8. проектировать двигатель

9. создавать пространство

10. не важно

11. овал

12. эллипс

13. полуокружность

14. арка

15. свод

16. измерение

17. единственный недостаток

18. повышать энергозатраты

19. тратить энергию напрасно

20. понятно

21. Как продвигается ваш проект?

22. Мы все еще работаем над….

23. Точно/ именно

24. Я звоню по поводу…..

25. Мне интересно….

26. В этом случае….

27. Я бы лучше разработал новый материал.

28. Зачем нам новый двигатель?

Science(Latin scientia, from scire, “to know”), is the term which is used, in its broadest meaning to denote systematized knowledge in any field, but applied usually to the organization of objectively verifiable sense experience. The pursuit of knowledge in this context is known as pure science, to distinguish it from applied science, which is the search for practical uses of scientific knowledge, and from technology, through which applications are realized.

Knowledge of nature originally was largely an undifferentiated observation and interrelation of experiences. The Pythagorean scholars distinguished only four sciences: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. By the time of Aristotle, however, other fields could also be recognized: mechanics, optics, physics, meteorology, zoology, and botany. Chemistry remained outside the mainstream of science until the time of Robert Boyle in the 17th century, and geology achieved the status of a science only in the 18th century. By that time the study of heat, magnetism, and electricity had become part of physics. During the 19^th century scientists finally recognized that pure mathematics differs from the other sciences in that it is a logic of relations and does not depend for its structure on the laws of nature. Its applicability in the elaboration of scientific theories, however, has resulted in its continued classification among the sciences.

The pure natural sciences are generally divided into two classes: the physical sciences and the biological, or life, sciences. The principal branches among the former are physics, astronomy, chemistry, and geology; the chief biological sciences are botany and zoology. The physical sciences can be subdivided to identify such fields as mechanics, cosmology, physical chemistry, and meteorology; physiology, embryology, anatomy, genetics, and ecology are subdivisions of the biological sciences.

The applied sciences include such fields as aeronautics, electronics, engineering, and metallurgy, which are applied physical sciences, and agronomy and medicine, which are applied biological sciences. In this case also, overlapping branches must be recognized. The cooperation, for example, between medical physics (a branch of medical research based on principles of physics) and bioengineering resulted in the development of the heart-lung machine used in open-heart surgery and in the design of artificial organs such as heart chambers and valves, kidneys, blood vessels, and inner-ear bones. Advances such as these are generally the result of research by teams of specialists representing different sciences, both pure and applied. This interrelationship between theory and practice is as important to the growth of science today as it was at the time of Galileo.

(From http://encarta.com)