Company Law

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 440.

Unit 5

Ex.18. Making questions. Respond to each statement with a question. Use the words in brackets.

A B

Ex.17. Match a line in A with a line in B.

Example: If I pass my driving test I`ll buy a car.

l.If I pass my driving test, will you pay for the meal?

2. You`ll learn English more easily if we find somewhere to live.

3. Will you give her these flowers when you study a little every day.

4.If they don't give him the job, you don't water them.

5.Fll marry you as soon as we'll send them to you.

6.Your plants won` t grow well if I`ll buy a car.

7.As soon as we get the tickets, I don't know what he'll do.

8.If I buy the champagne, you see her?

Example: I`m very hungry .(What/you/eat?)

What are you going to eat?

1. We're going to the cinema.(What/you/see?)

2. Len's coming for dinner tonight.(What/you/cook?)

3. Cathy's going to university in September.(What/she/study?)

4. Jack and Jill got engaged last week.(When/they/get married?)

5. Sue's not going by train.(she/fly?)

6. It's my birthday next week.(you/have a party?)

7.It's very cloudy, (it/rain?)

Assignment 1. Suggest the Ukrainian for:

Breach of peace- нарушения мира

to restore peace and security- восстановления мира и безопасности

to call upon the parties concerned- потребовать от заинтересованных сторон

to take account of failure- учитывает невыполнение

to apply the measures- применения этих мер

interrupting of economic relations- перерыв экономических отношений

to provide the assistance- оказания помощи

to negotiate the agreement- Переговоры о заключении соглашения

assume obligations — принимать обязательства

to afford mutual assistance- оказания взаимной помощи

the solution of the problems- разрешения проблем

in the exercise of the right of self-defense- осуществлении права на самооборону

to affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council- не должны затрагивать полномочий и ответственности Совета Безопасности

to remain deposited in the archives- будет храниться в архиве

Assignment 2. Suggest the English for:

Акт агресії- act of aggression

погіршення ситуації- aggravation of the situation

виконання тимчасових заходів- comply with provisional measures

здійснення рішення- to apply measures

розірвання дипломатичних відносин- the severance of diplomatic relations

підлягати ратифікації- subject to ratification

в Комітеті, засновувати підкомітети- Committee, may establish ssubcommittees

з дозволу Ради Безпеки- decided upon by the Security Council

превентивні або примусові заходи- preventive or enforcement measures

зачіпати невід'ємне право на індивідуальну або колективну самооборону- impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence

держави, які підписали Статут- The states signatory to the present Charter

здати на збереження ратифікаційні грамоти- to deposit the ratifications

складати протокол- draw up a protocol

належним чином засвідчені копії- Duly certified copies

на посвідчення чого- IN FAITH WHEREOF

Assignment 3. Translate into Ukrainian.

1)Совет Безопасности определяет существование любой угрозы миру, любого нарушения мира или акта агрессии и делает рекомендации или решает о том, какие меры следует предпринять в соответствии со статьями 41 и 42 для поддержания или восстановления международного мира и безопасности.

2)Если Совет Безопасности сочтет, что меры, предусмотренные в статье 41, могут оказаться недостаточными или уже оказались недостаточными, он уполномочивается предпринимать такие действия воздушными, морскими или сухопутными силами, какие окажутся необходимыми для поддержания или восстановления международного мира и безопасности.

3)Когда Совет Безопасности решил применить силу, то, прежде чем потребовать от Члена Организации, не представленного в Совете, предоставления вооруженных сил во исполнение обязательств, принятых им на основании статьи 43, Совет Безопасности приглашает этого Члена Организации, если последний этого пожелает, принять участие в решениях Совета Безопасности относительно использования контингентов вооруженных сил данного Члена Организации.

4)Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.

5) Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Assignment 4. Translate into English.

1) Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

2) The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council.

3) Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.

4) The agreement or agreements shall be negotiated as soon as possible on the initiative of the Security Council. They shall be concluded between the Security Council and Members or between the Security Council and groups of Members and shall be subject to ratification by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.

5)The ratifications shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America, which shall notify all the signatory states of each deposit as well as the Secretary-General of the Organization when he has been appointed.

Assignment 5. Do the two-way translation.

1) What does the Security Council undertake after having determined the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression?

Совет Безопасности определяет существование любой угрозы миру, любого нарушения мира или акта агрессии и делает рекомендации или решает о том, какие меры следует предпринять в соответствии со статьями 41 и 42 для поддержания или восстановления международного мира и безопасности.

2) What does the Security Council undertake in order to prevent an aggravation of the situation?

Чтобы предотвратить ухудшение ситуации, Совет Безопасности уполномочивается, прежде чем сделать рекомендации или решить о принятии мер, предусмотренных статьей 39, потребовать от заинтересованных сторон выполнения тех временных мер, которые он найдет необходимыми или желательными.

3) Who decides on application of armed forces?

Планы применения вооруженных сил составляются Советом Безопасности с помощью Военно-Штабного Комитета.

4) What shall the Members of the United Nations undertake to afford mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council?

Члены Организации должны объединяться для оказания взаимной помощи в проведении мер, о которых принято решение Советом Безопасности.

Assignment 6. Prepare to give a short oral summery of Chapter VII

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter sets out the UN Security Council's powers to maintain peace. It allows the Council to "determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression" and to take military and nonmilitary action to "restore international peace and security".

Chapter VII also gives the Military Staff Committee responsibility for strategic coordination of forces placed at the disposal of the UN Security Council. It is made up of the chiefs of staff of the five permanent members of the Council.

The most famous article of the UN Charter is Article 42:

“

Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.

”

Article 51 provides for the right of countries to engage in military action in self-defense, including collective self-defense (e.g. under an alliance).

“

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Assignment 7. Suggest your own wording of English and Ukrainian texts of Articles 47 and 51

Article 47

1. A Military Staff Committee that will consult and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the Security Council's military requirements for the support of international peace and security, shall be established, and the employment and command of forces shall be placed at its disposal, as well as the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament.

2. The composition of the Military Staff Committee is as follows: the Chief of Staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives. Members of the United Nations that are not permanently represented on the Committee and shall be invited by the committee to be associated with it when an effectual execution of the responsibilities of the Committee require for new members to participate.

3. It is the responsibility of the Military Staff Committee under the Securtiy Councul for the strategic direction for any armed forces that are placed under the disposal of the Security Council. Questions related to the command of these forces shall be sorted out afterwards.

4. With the sanction of the Security Council and after consultation with respective regional institutions, the Military Staff Committee may found regional subcommittees.

1) Для того чтобы давать советы и оказывать помощь Совету Безопасности по всем вопросам, относящимся к военным потребностям Совета Безопасности создается Военно-Штабной Комитет, также в деле поддержания международного мира и безопасности, к использованию войск, предоставленных в его распоряжение, и к командованию ими, а также к регулированию вооружений и к возможному разоружению.

2) Состав Военно-Штабной Комитет следующий: Начальники Штабов постоянных членов Совета Безопасности или их представители. Любой Член Организации, который не представленный в Комитете, приглашается сотрудничать с Комитетом, если осуществление обязанностей Комитета требует участия в работе Комитета этого Члена Организации..

3) Находясь в подчинении Совета Безопасности Военно-Штабной Комитет, несет ответственность за руководство любыми вооруженными силами, предоставленными в распоряжение Совета Безопасности. Вопросы, касательно командования такими силами будут разработаны позднее.

4) Военно-Штабной Комитет с разрешения Совета Безопасности и после консультации с надлежащими региональными органами, может учреждать свои региональные подкомитеты.

Article 51

None of the provisions of this Charter shall decrease the integral right of individual or collective self-defense in the case of an armed conflict against a Member of the United Nations, up until the Security Council has taken steps necessary to maintain international peace and security. The measures taken by the Members in the exercise of their right of self-defense should be reported to the Security Council right away and shall not affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to undertake actions which it considers important to maintain or restore international peace and security.

До тех пор, пока Совет Безопасности не примет мер, необходимых для поддержания международного мира и безопасности настоящий Устав ни в коей мере не будет затрагивать неотъемлемое право на индивидуальную или коллективную самооборону, если произойдет вооруженное нападение на Члена Организации, Меры, в соответствии с настоящим Уставом принятые Членами Организации при осуществлении этого права на самооборону, должны быть немедленно сообщены Совету Безопасности и не должны затрагивать полномочий и ответственности Совета Безопасности, в отношении предприятие в любое время таких действий, какие он сочтет необходимыми для поддержания международного мира и безопасности.

Assignment 8. Study the use of italicized word in different phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents,

Adjustment measures- погодження дій

Agreed measures- погоджені дії

Ancillary measures- дополнительный, вспомогательный акт

Collateral measures- допоміжні д ії

Confidence-building measures- дії з підвищення довіри

Drastic measures- энергичные меры

Emergency/extraordinary measures- крайние меры

Enforcement and perceptive measures- принудительные меры

Extreme measures- крайние меры

Fiscal measures- фінансові дії

Forward-looking measures- далекоглядні дії

Half-baked measures- неопрацьовані дії

Harmful measures- згубні дії

Initial measures- попередні дії

Interim/temporary measures- тимчасові заходи

Meaningful measures- многозначительные меры

Non-circumvention measures- необход

Partial measures- пристрастные (частичные) меры

Proper measures- надлежащие меры

Punitive measures- карательные меры

Rash measures- поспешные меры

Vigorous measures- решительные меры

Retaliatory measures- акт возмездия реторсия; репрессалия

Assignment 9. Read the text. Discuss the subject matter. Render it in English.

Reform of the United Nations. There is a widespread agreement that the UN system is in need of reform. This is hardly surprising, in one takes into account that the organization has existed for over 50 years, and deals with a vastly different international issues, starting from the ones which emerged in the post World War II period. And while the Cold war provided a convenient excuse for some of the UN's shortcomings, its demise coupled with the euphoria that was generated by the organization's prominent role in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, which generated a hope that a new and reformed UN could become a central supporting structure in building a New World Order. Yet this optimistic hope was short-lived. Not only is there reluctance to confront the issue of reform, but during the period from 1991 to 1995 the UN was overwhelmed by its active involvement in intractable infra-state conflicts, rather than with inter-state conflicts which it was created to confront. Communal conflicts in Angola, Cambodia, El Salvador, Haiti, Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia, Palestine, Mozambique, as well as in former Soviet republics, and in ex-Yugoslavia pushed the Organization to the limits of its competence. In particular the fiasco in Bosnia (where UN troops were taken hostage) and Somalia (where the UN withdrew their troops after the US troops suffered casualties) raised the question of the need to confront the purposes that principles that the UN stands for.

There are three categories of reform proposals: structural and constitutional reforms, finance and funding reforms, and operational reforms. The structural reform aims at making the UN more democratic, more responsive and more authoritative. This will involve reforming the General Assembly, the Security Council - including the Р5 - and the Secretariat. Other proposals in this category involve а rationalization of the functions of the Economic and Social Council, particularly the specialized agencies. The financial reforms aim to make the UN solvent and less reliant on а handful of the world's prominent states, particularly the United States. As to the Operational reform, its objective is to redefine the role of the UN in communal conflicts, to expand its competence in emergency situations, global governance, humanitarian intervention and the global protection of human rights and the environment. All of these issues were addressed in Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali's "Agenda for Peace"' (І992) but for а universal organization of this kind, agreement on specifics is difficult to obtain, and if obtained, to sustain.

Assignment 10.. Translate into English.

Розірвання дипломатичних відносин

Severance of diplomatic relations –

The suspension of diplomatic relations with another government can be realized by an initiative of any government and is to be officially declared by the later. Such an initiative is followed by the recalling of diplomatic representatives. The severance of diplomatic relations can be the result of a state of war, hostile policy of one government concerning another, the carrying out of any actions that rule out the effective work of diplomatic missions or for other reasons.

The Action of recalling the diplomatic mission does not denote the severance of diplomatic relations, if it is not stated in the Declaration of Government that is recalling. In accordance with the Vienna convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), if diplomatic relations are broken off, the receiving State must grant facilities in order to enable persons enjoying privileges and immunities, and members of their families to leave, and in particular, to place at their disposal if necessary the means of transport for themselves and their property. The recalling State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals, as well as entrust the custody of the premises of the mission, together with its property and archives to a third State, acceptable to the receiving State. On the other hand the receiving State must even in case of armed conflict, respect and protect the premises of the mission, together with its property and archives.

In the Vienna Convention on Consular relations (1963) it is mentioned, that the severance of diplomatic relations does not lead to the severance of consular relations. The Severance of diplomatic relations shall not affect other agreements in force between the States concerned. The severance of diplomatic relations can be used as an enforcement measures in accordance with the Charter of the UN.

Assignment 11. Read the text. Discuss the subject matter. Render it in English.

1. For an international organization that has five official languages (Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish), it is desirable for members of the staff to have general knowledge and language ability in a tongue, apart from their native. Even in cases where direct knowledge does not have an immediate practical application in every day work, it can be regarded as an asset for an international civil servant,

It as well has a grave importance, as it demonstrates that the staff members of the organization have accepted the idea of ‘internationalism' and they're willing to make an effort to cross the confine of nationality and language. It helps not only as a mean of communication, but as well it fosters and understanding of the ‘way of thought' of people whom belong to other cultures and makes cooperation easier. Moreover, for the sake of such cooperation it is vital that those to whom one of the working languages is a native tongue shall not conceive that there is no need to learn another language.

2. Nevertheless, although the knowledge of several languages is important, it is only one aspect of general knowledge that can increase a staff members importance for the organization, and it is quite possible that a staff member will bring more use to the organization and to himself, by acquiring and/or improving other skills.

Levels of Linguistic knowledge

3. For practical purposes, three levels of linguistic knowledge may be distinguished:

(I) An advanced level of the written and spoken language.

(II) A "working level" of the language, sufficient enough to allow a speaker to take part in day-to-day conversations, to attend meetings, and understand what is said there and to make his own contributions, to write about official matters from one office to another within the Organization, using a language, while not necessarily flawless, without gross grammatical and syntactical errors, and easily comprehensible. This level of knowledge is the level that the language examination aims to establish.

(III) A begineers level , being suffience enough for understanding the gist of a letter, or for receiving a visitor of the Organization and helping him find the person, office or information that he is seeking.

4. Staff members in the category of Proffesionals, and those above will be expected to have an advanced knowledge of one of the working languages and, if that language happens to be his/hers mother tongue they will be expected to have, in addition, working knowledge of another official language. Even when the staff member's mother tongue is not one of the working languages it will still be considered as his virtue, especially if he can attain knowledge of an official language other than the one he works in. Moreover, in certain fields of work, the knowledge of non-official languages can be as important as the knowledge of official languages. Such knowledge cannot be a general requirement, but can be among the factors increasing the staff member's value in certain posts.

5. It would be unrealistic to expect that the current staff, that has already served quite a long time, be in conformity with all the standards outlined above ; but these standards in the future will be strictly applied to all staff on probation, and to receive permanent appointments they will have to show that they have reached the linguistic standard that was envisaged, or at least made substantial and continual efforts at reaching it. Linguistic proficiency (or the lack of it) will always come under consideration in relations with the proposals of the assignment, transfers, promotions, etc. of staff members, although its importance in relation to other factors will vary with the circumstances.

6. Many members that fit into the category of beginners, work in a position that require the knowledge of only one language. Nevertheless, in many departments of the Secretariat there is a need for people that have a knowledge of more than one lanaguge, and for those who do not have such knowledge may find themselves at a disadvantage. This is particularly the case for the senior and high levels, where linguistic knowledge will be increasingly more important in getting promoted to these levels, however no fixed rale can be laid down since the need in knowledge of a language varies with the category of work the particular individual is called to do.

7. In short, the fact that a staff member in the beginners level (General service category )can read or speak two or more official languages will only add to his favour. On the other hand, it is not the intention of this circular to set for the conditions, which in affect will change the terms under which any staff member of the General Service Category will be appointed. For example, if a new staff member is appointed to a position and reaches satisfactory results, there will be no need in refusing him in a permanent appointed, just because the staff member has not attempted to learn another language, unless the position requires extra linguistic knowledge.