ELECTRICITY – MAGIC OF SCIENCE
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 556.
Working on the text
Active Vocabulary
A B
1) Electric motors turn electricity a) into moving pictures
2) Light bulbs turn electricity b) into X-rays
3) Computers turn electricity c) into heat
4) Telephones turn electricity d) into electromagnetic waves
5) TVs turn electricity e) into motion
6) Speakers turn electricity f) into sound waves
7) Space heaters turn electricity g) into information
8) Radios turn electricity h) communication
9) X-rays machines turn electricity i) into light
19. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
ingenious – ñâîåîáðàçíûé, îðèãèíàëüíûé; demonstration – äîêàçàòåëüñòâî, îñíîâàíèå; spark – èñêðà; to rub – òåðåòü; wheel – êîëåñî; to electrify – ýëåêòðèôèöèðîâàòü, ñíàáæàòü ýëåêòðè÷åñòâîì; to generate – âûðàáàòûâàòü, ïîðîæäàòü; on tap – íàõîäÿùèéñÿ ïîä ðóêîé, ïî ìåðå ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñïðîñà; loop – çàìêíóòàÿ öåïü, ñõåìà; circuit – öåïü, êîíòóð; ñõåìà; to swivel – âðàùàòüñÿ; meticulous – òùàòåëüíûé; breakthrough – ïðîðûâ, äîñòèæåíèå; wire – ïðîâîä; induce – èíäóöèðîâàòü.
20. Read and translate the text “Electricity – Magic of Science”. Then entitle each paragraph of the text:
At the end of the 18th century electricity was a hot topic in fashionable society. Scientists and showmen of the day were able to create dramatic sparks by turning a wheel to rub glass against sulphur to generate static electricity. An Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) was using electricity to make the legs of the dead frog twitch. Galvani believed that he discovered the very force of life, ‘animal electricity' that animated flesh and bone. Soon dozens of scientists were trying to bring corpses to life by electrifying them.
This idea of electricity as life force gained a powerful hold of the public imagination, and inspired a host of fanatical scientists, including Andrew Ure, who in a gruesome display in 1818, made the corpse of executed Glasgow murderer Clydesdale dance like a puppet. But while all this electrical hysteria was going on, experimental scientists were making rapid and serious advances towards understanding the true nature of electricity.
In the late 1790s, for instance, Alessandro Volta realized that electricity can be created by a chemical reaction, and he used this idea to create the first battery in 1800. Using Volta's battery to give them a supply of electricity on tap, various scientists discovered that electricity would flow through a complete loop or circuit. Andre Ampere also learned about the strength of currents, and Georg Ohm discovered the nature of electrical resistance.
Then, in 1820, the Danish scientist Hans Oersted discovered that an electric current could make the needle of a magnetic compass swivel. It was the first inkling of a link between two natural forces, and it immediately became the focus, of experimentation among scientists.
Michael Faraday was among many who tried their hand at unlocking the secrets of electricity and magnetism in the 1820s and 1830s. His extraordinary inventive and meticulous; experimental work and his keen theoretical insight, however, put him in the forefront of all key breakthroughs. Within a few months of hearing of Oersted's discovery, Faraday constructed an ingenious ñâîåîáðàçíûé, îðèãèíàëüíûé demonstration that showed how a magnet would move in a circle around an electric wire, and an electric wire would move in a circle around a magnet. He discovered the principle of the electric motor.
Ten years later, Faraday made an even more important discovery, that moving a magnetic field can create or ‘induce' a current of electricity. This principle of electromagnetic induction, which was discovered independently by Joseph Henry in America around the same time, meant that machines could be built to generate huge quantity of electricity, opening the way to everything from electric lighting to telecommunications.
Yet neither the electric motor nor the principle of electric induction are perhaps Faraday's greatest achievements. He went on not just to demonstrate the principle of electrolysis – the way chemicals are broken down by electricity – but to demonstrate the ultimate unity between all forces, including electricity, magnetism, light and even gravity, and to develop the idea of fields of force. This crucial insight has paved the way for all modern physics and a host of modern technologies, from television to mobile phones.
21. Find in the text the words or phrases which mean the same as:
ïîâîðà÷èâàÿ êîëåñî; ÷òîáû ïîòåðåòü ñòåêëî î ñåðó è; çàñòàâèòü ëàïêó ëÿãóøêè äåðãàòüñÿ; îòêðûë òó ñàìóþ ñèëó æèçíè; îæèâëÿòü òðóïû; ïîëó÷èëà ìîùíóþ ïîääåðæêó; çàñòàâèë òàíöåâàòü; ñíàáæåíèå ýëåêòðè÷åñòâîì; ñèëà òîêà; ïåðâîå ñëàáîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñâÿçè; ïîñòàâèëè åãî íà ïåðåäíèé êðàé êëþ÷åâûõ äîñòèæåíèé; âûäâèíóë ñâîåîáðàçíîå äîêàçàòåëüñòâî; äâèæåíèå ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ; ïóòü, ïðè êîòîðîì õèìèêàòû ðàñïàäàþòñÿ ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà.
22. Read the text again and say whether these statements are true or false:
1. At the end of the 18th century magnetism was a hot topic in fashionable society. 2. Galvani believed that he discovered the very force of life, ‘animal electricity' that animated human bodies. 3. Soon dozens of scientists were trying to bring corpses to life by magnetizing them. 4. Experimental scientists were making rapid and serious advances towards understanding the true properties of electricity. 5. Alessandro Volta created the first magnetic compass in 1800. 6. Michael Faraday was among many who tried their hand at keeping the secrets of electricity and magnetism in the 1820s and 1830s. 7. Faraday constructed an ingenious demonstration that showed how a magnet would move in a circle around an electric current, 8. Faraday demonstrated the ultimate unity between all directions, including electricity, magnetism, light and even gravity.
23. Chose among the words in brackets the one that corresponds to the text above to complete the sentences:
1. Scientists and showmen of the day were able to create dramatic sparks by turning a wheel to rub _____ against sulphur to generate static electricity.
(a. glass, b. iron, c. mercury)
2. An Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani was using electricity to make the legs of the dead frog _____.
(a. rise b. fall, c. twitch)
3. The idea of electricity as life force gained a powerful hold of the public ______.
(a. approval, b. imagination, c. blame)
4. Alessandro Volta realized that electricity can be ______by a chemical reaction.
(a. created, b. changed, c. processed)
5. Various scientists discovered that electricity would _____ through a complete loop or circuit.
(a. swim, b. run, c. flow)
6. Faraday constructed an ingenious demonstration that showed how an electric wire would move in a _____ around a magnet.
(a. triangle, b. circle, c. square)
7. This principle of electromagnetic induction, meant that machines could be built to generate huge _____ of electricity.
(a. amount, b. quality, c. quantity)
8. Faraday went on not just to demonstrate the principle of _____ – the way chemicals are broken down by electricity.
(a. electrolysis, b. hydrolysis, c. magnetism)
| <== previous lecture | | | next lecture ==> |
| Word building | | | ADVERTISING |