TO HAVE (GOT) TO
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 528.
MUST
NEED
| Meaning | Forms of the MV | Forms of the infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Necessity | need | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative (not typical) interrogative | necessary | Need I answer the question? |
| 2. Absence of necessity | needn't | 1. Indefinite Infinitive 2. Perfect Infinitive (expresses an action which was performed though it was necessary) | negative | There is no need to do it. It's not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it. | The teacher needn't explain such simple things. The pupils know them. We needn't have brought our grammar books today. We are having a class in phonetics instead. |
| Notes | |||||
| 1. When rendering in Russian “íå íóæíî áûëî” use “needn't have done” to show that the action was performed though it was not necessary. Use “didn't have to do” to indicate that the action was not performed as there was no obligation. e.g.: He needn't have bought the book (but he did). It is available at the library. I didn't have to buy the textbook (and I didn't) as I had it at home. 2. In negative sentences negation is not always associated with the verb “need”, it may be found elsewhere in the sentence, e.g.: I don't think we need continue our talk. They need hardly discuss the problem again. |
| Meaning | Forms of the MV | Forms of the infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Obligation, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker's point of view | must –in present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative interrogative | to be obliged to, it's necessary for smb to do smth | If you have a new heart attack you must be taken to hospital. What must he do to keep fit? He said he must goto the dentist. |
| 2. Prohibition | mustn't | Indefinite Infinitive | negative | to be forbidden | Students mustn't stay away from classes without a good reason. |
| 3. Emphatic request or advice | must mustn't | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative negative | You mustn't miss this film. It's worth seeing this film. You must drop in at the chemist's on your way home. | |
| 4. Supposition implying assurance, strong probability | must | Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive | only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences | probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it's clear that, in all probability | He must be too old to wander about the city so long. They must be admiring the beautiful flowers in Hyde Park now. They must have been watching swans and ducks floating on the pond for an hour. She must have got used to their customs and traditions. |
| Notes |
| 1. Absence of necessity is expressed by “needn't”. e.g.: Must I mention all those facts in my report? - Yes, you must. They are important. - No, you needn't. They are of no use. 2. “Must” is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably) they didn't come to any agreement; b) They must have failed to come to any agreement; c) They must have misunderstood us; d) He must never have guessed the truth; e) No one must have told them the truth. 3. “Must” is not used with reference to the future. In this case its equivalents are used. e.g.: She is likely (unlikely) to come. |
| Meaning | Forms of the MV | Forms of the infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Obligation, necessity arising from circumstances | have (has) to; had to; shall/will have to; have (has) got to(in colloquial English), Do (does)… have to? Did … have to? Have (has) … got to…?(coll.) | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative interrogative | to be obliged to | If you don't take care of yourself, you'll have to consult a doctor. I wondered how long I had to stay in hospital. Do Russian people have to pay for medical care? Didyou have to wait for us? Have I got to wake him up for the medicine? |
| 2. Absence of necessity | don't (doesn't) have to; didn't have to; haven't (hasn't) got to | Indefinite Infinitive | negative | needn't to | You don't have to stay in here with me, if it bothers you. You haven't got to be operated on, have you? |
| Notes |
| “didn't have to do”indicates that the action was not performed as there was no obligation e.g.: Hedidn't have to waterthe flowers(and he didn't).It was raining all day long. |
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| MAY/MIGHT | | | TO BE TO |