B. 4. Translate sentences

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 491.

1. You can use either this computer or the other one. 2. Neitherof these devices has the desired reliability. 3. She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned. 4. Neither Richard nor John keep her secret. 5. The resulting substance possesses neither the characteristic properties of the acid nor those of the base. 6. Floor tiles are available in a wide range of colours eithermarbled or plain. 7.Neither wood nor ply-wood are used in fire resistant structures. 8. Rain water is storedeither in rainwater tanks or in underground brick or stone reservoirs.

C. 1. Read the text HAZARDS, RISKS, OUTCOMES and answer the questions:

1. What is a hazard?

2. What process is hazard assessment?

The terminology used in Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) varies between states, but generally speaking:

A hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled.

The outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard.

A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.

“Hazard”, “risk”, and “outcome” are used in other fields to describe e.g. environmental damage, or damage to equipment. However, in the context of OSH, “harm” generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of workers. For example, repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard. The outcome could be a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) or an acute back or joint injury. The risk can be expressed numerically in relative terms:"high / medium / low".

Hazard analysis or hazard assessment is a process in which individual hazards of the workplace are identified, assessed and controlled / eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonable and possible. As technology, resources, social expectation or regulatory requirements change, hazard analysis focuses controls more closely toward the source of the hazard. Thus hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention. Hazard-based programs also have the advantage of not assigning or impling there are "acceptable risks" in the workplace. A hazard-based program may not be able to eliminate all risks, but neither does it accept "satisfactory" - but still risky - outcomes. And as those who calculate and manage the risk are usually managers while those exposed to the risks are a different group, workers, a hazard-based approach can by-pass conflict inherent in a risk-based approach.

When a major hazard has been identified, the possible consequences in terms of risk to people and spread of damage must be assessed. Account needs to be taken of: The type of incident expected (fire, explosion, toxic release); The area or location of the incident in relation to neighbouring plants, storage areas and built-up areas; Prevailing winds; Areas most likely to be affected (known to insurers as the target areas); Population densities in the possible areas affected; Possible damage or contamination of drains, crops, water supplies; Possible 'domino' effects, i.e. an explosion in one area causing the release of flammable or toxic materials elsewhere; Possible effects of collapse of buildings and structures; Presence of radioactive sources.

Next one needs to examine how adequate the existing resources (first, works and second, local authority fire, ambulance and hospital services) are to handle the most serious foreseeable emergency, and then to decide in collaboration with outside services what further provision or action is needed.

D. 1. Prove the following statements:

Hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention.

Repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard.

D. 2. Explain the following statement:

“Harm” generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of workers.