B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the verb TO BE

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 636.

1. This machine is suitable for lifting things. 2. In the Metro people are carried up and down by escalators. 3. What is the exact size of the room? 4. The appearance of our town is changing. 5. They were to erect this bridge 3 years ago. 6. The acid shouldn't be diluted. 7. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and ships have been reliably protected against corrosion. 8. It was a picturesque landscape. 9. The city is 1,000 metres above the sea level. 10. The material should be subjected to special treatment. 11. The quantity of water in concrete (бетон) must be carefully controlled. 12. Methods of achieving and the end results of various finishing methods are illustrated below.

C. 1. Read the text CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AND UNINTENTIONAL INJURY EVENTS and answer the following questions:

1. How is an accident defined?

2. What's the difference between accidents and hazards?

3. How are hazards classified?

Use of the term “safety” in relationship to events causing unintentional injury leads to the concept of accidents. An accident is unintentional event. An accident is an occurrence that disrupts the flow of normal interactions and relationships which usually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage. Cause of such a disruption may be the result of the action or inaction of individuals; the action of animals or nature. Many people associate accidents exclusively with injury or damage and this seems to be a fairly recent tendency. 'An accident is an unplanned event which has a probability of causing personal injury or property damage'.

It is an axiom of accident prevention that all accidents have causes and a further act of faith that the great majority, perhaps 99%, are preventable. The direct cause of a preventable accident could be human error or some unsafe condition - mechanical, physical, chemical or environmental. The cause of the unsafe condition, i.e. the underlying cause of the accident is again usually human error or ignorance.

The causes of accidents generally remain latent for some time before an accident occurs. These latent or potential causes are hazards. A hazard is a condition with the potential of causing injury or damage.

Hazards are sometimes referred to almost synonymously with accident causes, and with the same subdivisions. But a clear distinction should be made. A hazard can exist without an accident whereas an accident cause without an accident is an absurdity.

If an accident caused by one or more hazards sets in train a second accident, the first accident is a sequential hazard. The gas explosion in a flat at Ronan Point, for example, not only blew out a wall panel of the flat but triggered a progressive collapse of the wall panels above and below it. The explosion which blew out the first wall panel was a sequential hazard. Some would identify the primary hazard as the method of tower block construction then in use, some as the gas leak, some as faulty plumbing and others as the use of gas in high rise flats. The primary hazard thus depends on our perception of causes and evaluation of effects.

Hazard recognition, diagnosis and elimination are essential to any successful safety programme. When considering matters relating to injury prevention, it is necessary to examine the various causes of unintentional injury events. Usually there is no one single factor that can be identified as the sole cause of a specific unintentional injury event. Rather there are numerous interrelated factors involved. These may be identified as human factors, mechanical factors and environmental factors.