Grammar Review
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 523.
10. Rewrite the sentences, changing the active to the passive and adding by where necessary. Make any other necessary changes.
| A | 1.People in this country pay heavy taxes.2.The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotledefined four forms of government.3.The legislative and judicial branches can place some restraints on the powers of the executive. 4. To pass legislation, a majority of legislators must appove a bill in each house. 5. Any government has to provide certain common services. 6. In a democracy, people may vote unpopular leaders out of office.7. In medieval England, the King's powerful judges developed a body of precedent. 8. In a democracy, elected representatives express people's views and wants. |
| B | 1. The government influences people's lives in many ways. 2. The new tax caused a huge amount of public criticism. 3. In the common-law system judges can make law. 4. The judge sent Mr Jason to prison for a theft. 5. A statute may establish penalties for the commission of offences. 6. A law protects political refugees from forcible return to countries where they face persecution. 7.Elected leaders should take into account[10] the economic and social needs of the people. 8. Local authorities provide most common services. 9. The police arrested three people in connection with an illegal lottery. 10. People must not break these rules if they don't want to be punished. |
11. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets (present or past simple active or passive, participle I or II).
| A | 1. Courts (interpret) and (apply) laws (enact) by legislatures. 2. In Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, there (be) no distinction between criminal and civil law. 3. Unwritten constitutions (base) on a large body of established[11] law and custom. 4. Last week the police (arrest) over two hundred people for drinking and driving. 5. Both the army and the police (involve) in the arrest of the terrorists at the Millennium Business Centre last Tuesday. 6.Governments today sometimes (rule) by leaders who took power by force. 7. The Roman law (be) the legal system not only in ancient Rome, but it (apply) throughout Europe until the eighteenth century. Many European modern laws still (influence) by Roman law. 8. Japan (modernize) its legal system in the 19th century. 9. Criminal proceedings cannot (bring) against children below the age of 10 years. 10. Governments often (classify) according to the number of people who (hold) political power. 11.The laws (control) drugs are very strict in this country. 12.Criminal law (use) by the government to prosecute and punish people who (break) laws. 13. The Government (elect) for a five-year term of office. |
| B | The term criminal law generally (1 refer) to substantive[12] criminal laws. Substantive criminal laws (2 define) crimes and may establish punishments. In contrast, criminal procedure (3 describe) the process through which the criminal laws (4 enforce). For example, the law (5 prohibit) murder is a substantive criminal law. The way in which government (6 enforce) this substantive law – through the gathering of evidence and prosecution – (7 be) a procedural matter. In the United States, substantive criminal law originally (8come) for the most part from common law, which later (9 codify) in federal and state statutes. |
| C | The concept of codification (1 develop) especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, as an expression of both Natural Law[13] and the ideas of the Enlightenment[14]. The political ideal of that era (2 express) by the concepts of democracy, protection of property, and of the rule of law. That ideal (3 require) the certainty[15] and uniformity[16] of law. |
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