MODAL AUXILIARIES
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 794.
CHAPTER 4
MODAL AUXILIARIES: INTRODUCTION
| Can a) I can speak English Could b) He couldn't come to class May c) It may rain tomorrow Might d) It might rain tomorrow Should e) Mary should study harder Had better f) I had better study tonight Must g) John must see the doctor today Will h) I will be in class tomorrow Would i) Would you please close the door? | Can, could, may, might, should, had better, must, will and would are followed by the simple form of the verb. They are not followed by to: CORRECT: I can speak English INCORRECT: I can to speak English |
| Have to j) I have to study tonight Ought to k) You ought to study hard | Have, ought are followed by an infinitive (to + the simple form of the verb) |
Exercise 1:add towhere necessary.
1. I have ______ go downtown tomorrow.
2. Tom can ______ play soccer.
3. Could you please ______ open the windows?
4. The students must ______ learn all of irregular verbs.
5. Sally has _____ do her homework tonight.
6. I think you should ________ take better care of your health.
7. I ought _____ go to the post office this afternoon.
8. Would you ______ speak more slowly please?
9. We may _____ go on a picnic tomorrow.
10. Tom and I might _______ go to the zoo tomorrow.
11. You had better _______ see a doctor.
12. We can _______ go shopping tomorrow.
13. The students have ______ take a test next Friday.
14. I have got ______ go to the post office this afternoon.
Exercise 2:use could
1. What could you do when you were a child that you can't do now?
2. What could you do when you were living in your own country or hometown that you can't do now?
3. What did you want to do yesterday or last week but couldn't do? Why couldn't you do it?
4. Who has missed class recently? What couldn't you do when you were sick?
5. Who has had a cold or the flu recently? What couldn't you do when you were sick?
Exercise 3:For each of the given situations write two sentences: a) using can,and b) using can't.
1. Jack's friends are going to the park to play soccer. Jack wants to play too, but he has a broken toe, so he's on the crutches.
a) Jack can go to the park and watch the game.
b) He can't play the game.
2. Bob is going to a dinner party at a fancy restaurant. He doesn't know what to wear.
a) __________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________
3. Mary is at a department store. She has fifty dollars. She intends to spend all of it. She wants to buy the following things: a dress, a sweater, a pair of shoes, a pair of earrings.
a) __________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________
4. Barbara has to go to the airport. The airport is ten miles from her house. How is she going to get there?
a) _____________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________
5. Alice lives in this city. She has four days to take a trip somewhere. She is going to drive her car. Where can she go?
a) _____________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________
6. The temperature today is around -20 degrees. Ann and Jerry don't have class today. They don't want to stay at home.
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
4-1 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY:MAY ANDMIGHT ; EXPRESSING PERMISSION:MAY ANDCAN. ASKING FOR PEMISSION:MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
| a) It may rain tomorrow. b) It might rain tomorrow. c) A: Why isn't John in class? B: I don't know. He may (might) be sick today. | Mayand mightexpress possibility in the present or future. They have the same meaning between a) and b). |
| d) It may not rain tomorrow. e) It might not rain tomorrow. | Negative: may notand might not. |
| f) Maybe it will rain tomorrow. g) Maybe John is sick. | Maybeis an adverb meaning perhaps. |
| h) Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner. i) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after dinner. | Mayis also used to give permission. Often canis used to give permission,too. But mayis more formal than can. |
| POLITE QUESTIONS | POSSIBLE ANSWERS | |
| May I please borrow your book? Could I please borrow your car? Can I please borrow your pen? | Yes. Yes, of course. Yes, certainly. Of course. Certainly. Sure (informal) Okay (informal) | People use may I, could Iand can Ito ask polite questions. The questions ask for someone's permission. Pleasecan come at the end of the question. Pleasecan be omitted. |
Exercise 4:Following are some phone conversations. Complete the dialogues. Use may I, could I, can I.
Help
Leave
Speak/talk
Take
1. A: Hello?
B: Hello. Is Dick here?
A: Yes, he is.
B: _______ to him?
A: Just a minute. I'll get him.
2. A: Hello. Dean Black's office.
B: ________ to Dean Black?
A: May I ask who is calling?
B: Susan Abbott.
A: Just a moment, Ms. Abbott. I'll connect you.
3. A: Hello?
B: Hi. This is Bob. __________ to Steve?
A: Sure. Hang on.
4. A: Good afternoon. Dr. Anderson's office. _________ you?
B: Yes. I'd like to make an appointment with Dr. Anderson.
A: Fine. Is Friday morning at ten all right?
B: Yes. Thank you.
A: Your name?
5. A: Hello?
B: Hello. _____________to Mary?
A: She isn't at home right now. ________ a message?
B: No thanks. I'll call again later.
6. A: Hello. ____________to Ann?
B: She isn't here right now.
A: Oh. _________ a message?
B: Certainly. Just a minute. I have to get a pen.
4-2. ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE:WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, CAN YOU, WILL YOU
| Polite questions | Possible answers | People use would you, could you, can youto ask polite questions. The questions ask for someone's help or cooperation. |
| a)Would you please open the door? b)Could you please open the door? c) Can you please open the door? | Yes. Yes, of course. Yes. Certainly. Of course. Certainly. I'd be happy to. I'd be glad to. Sure (informal) Okay (informal) My pleasure (informal) |
Exercise 5:complete the dialogues. Use a polite question in each.
answer the phone for me say that again
get the door for me turn it down
open the window turn the volume up
pick some up
1. T. It's getting hot in here. Would/Could/Will/Can you please open the window?
S. Of course. I'd be happy to./Sure/etc.
T. Thank you. /Thanks.
S. You're welcome.
2. S1. The phone is ringing, but my hands are full. ________________________
S2. ____________________________________________________________
S1. ____________________________________________________________
S2. No problem.
3. S1. I'm trying to study but the radio is too loud. _________________________
S2. ____________________________________________________________
S1. ____________________________________________________________
S2. That's okay. No problem.
4. S1. I'm trying to listen to the news on TV but I can't hear it. _______________
S2. ____________________________________________________________
S1. ___________________________________________________________
S2. Don't mention it.
5. Husband: Honey, I'm out of razor blades. When you go to the store _________
Wife: _________________________________________________________
Husband: _______________________________________________________
Wife: Anything else?
4-3 EXPRESSING ADVICE:OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, SHOULD
| a) My clothes are dirty. I should/ought to/had better wash them. | Should, ought to, had betterhave basically the same meaning. They mean: This is a good idea. This is good advice. |
| b) You need your sleep. You shouldn't stay up late. | Negative: should +not = shouldn't |
| c) I'd better stay home d) You'd better do smth e) He'd better go to bed |
Note:Ought to is usually not used in the negative.
The negative had better is had better not and it often carries a warning.
You had better not be late. If you are late you will get into trouble.
Exercise 6:Complete the dialogues. Use should, ought to, had better.
borrow some money hold your breath
call the landlord and complain marry somebody who is rich
call the police put cotton in your ears
drink a glass of water see a dentist
find a new apartment send her a dozen roses
find a new girlfriend soak it in cold water
get a job speak English outside of
class every day
go back to the restaurant and ask if take it back to the store
someone found them
use a dictionary when he writes watch TV a lot
1. A: I have a toothache. This tooth hurts. What should I do?
B:
2. A: I have the hiccups. What should I do?
B:
3. A: Ali wants to improve his English. What should he do?
B:
4. A: I don't have any money. I'm broke. I can't pay my rent. I don't have enough
money to pay my bills. What should I do?
B:
5. A: Someone stole my bicycle. What should I do?
B:
6. A: I cut my finger. I got blood on my sweater. My finger is okay, but I'm
worried about my sweater. What should I do?
B:
7. A: Tom's spelling isn't very good. He makes a lot of mistakes when he writes
compositions. What should he do?
B:
8. A: Ann bought a new tape recorder. After two days it stopped working. What
should she do?
B:
9. A: The refrigerator in my apartment doesn't work. The stove doesn't work.
The air conditioner doesn't work. And there are cockroaches in the kitchen.
What should I do?
B:
10. A: I asked Mary to marry me. She said no. What should I do?
B:
11. A: I left my sunglasses at a restaurant yesterday. What should I do?
B:
12. A: My husband snores. I can't sleep at night. What should I do?
B:
Exercise 6:Complete the sentences. Use shouldn't +the expressions in the list or your own words.
be cruel to animals give too much homework
be late for an appointment miss any classes
drive a long distance smoke
exceed the speed limit throw a trash out of your car window
1. If you're tired, you _______
2. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health. You ____________
3. A good driver ________________
4. A teacher ____________________
5. A student ____________________
6. Littering is against the law. You _________________
7. It's important to be punctual. You ________________
8. Animals have feelings. You _____________________
4-4 EXPRESSING NECESSITY:HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST
| a)I have a very important test tomorrow. I have to (have got to, must)study tonight. | Have to, have got to, musthave basically the same meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary. Have tois used much more frequently than mustin everyday speech and writing. Have got tois generally used only in informal speech and writing. |
| b)I have to(“hafta”) go downtown today. c) I've got to(gotta”) study tonight. d) Mary has to(“hasta”) go to the bank. | |
| e) I had tostudy tonight. | The past form of have to, have got to, must (meaning necessity) is had to. |
Note: Mustmeans that something is verynecessary; there is no other choice. Mustis used much less frequently than have toin everyday speech and writing. Mustis a strong word.
Exercise 7:Complete the sentences. Use have to, has to, or had to.
1. I went downtown yesterday because I had to go to the City Hall.
2. I can't go to the movie tonight because ____________________
3. I couldn't go to Pete's party last Saturday because ___________
4. John can't go downtown with us this afternoon because ___________
5. When I was in high school _________________________________
6. If you want to travel abroad ________________________________
7. I'm sorry I was absent from class yesterday but _________________
8. Alice can't come to class tomorrow because _____________________
9. I need a car because _________________________________________
10. When I worked in my uncle's restaurant _________________________
11. If you want to enter the university _____________________________
12. We wanted to go on a picnic yesterday, but we couldn't because _______
13. I wanted to _______ yesterday, but _________ instead.
4-5 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY:DO NOT HAVE TO;
EXPRESSSING PROHIBITION:MUST NOT
| a)I finished all my homework this afternoon. I don't have to studytonight. b) Tomorrow is a holiday. Mary doesn't have to goto class. | Don't/doesn't have toexpresses the idea that something is not necessary. |
| c)Children, you must not playwith matches! d) We must not usethat door. The sign says: PRIVATE. DO NOT ENTER. | Must notexpresses prohibition. (DO NOT DO THIS!) |
| e) You mustn'tplay with matches. | Must + not = mustn't. |
Exercise 8:Complete the sentences with don't/doesn't have to or must not.
1. Liz finally got a car. So now she usually drives to work. She _______ take the bus.
2. Tommy, you ________ say that word. That's not a nice word.
3. Mr. Moneybags is very rich. He _______ work for a living.
4. If you are in a canoe, you _______stand up and walk around. If you do the canoe will probably tip over.
5. A: You _______ tell Jim about the surprise birthday party. Do you promise?
B: I promise.
6. A: Did Professor Adams make an assignment?
B: Yes, he assigned Chapters 4 and 6 but we _______ read Chapter 5.
7. A: I ______ to set my alarm for 5:30.
B: Why do you have to get up at 5:30?
A: I'm going to meet Ron at 6:00. We're going fishing.
8. A: Listen to me carefully, Annie. If a stranger offers you a ride you _______ get in the car. Never get in the car with a stranger. Do you understand?
B: Yes, Mom.
9. A: Do you have a stamp?
B: Uh-huh. Here.
A: Thanks. Now I ______ go to the post office.
10. A: Children, your mother and I are going to go out this evening. I want you to be good and follow these rules: You must do everything the baby-sitter tells you to do. You __________ go outside after dark. It's Saturday night so you ______ go to bed at eight. You can stay up until eight-thirty. And remember: you _______ pull the cat's tail. Okay?
B: Okay, Dad.
4-6 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: USINGLET'S AND WHY NOT
| a) A: It's hot today. Let's goto the beach. B: Okay. Good idea. b) A: It's not hot today. Why don't we go to the beach? B: Okay. Good idea. | Let's(do something) and why don't we (do something) have the same meaning. They are used to make suggestions about activities for you and me. |
| c)A: I'm tired. B: Why don't you takea nap? A: That's a good idea. I think I will. | People use why don't you(do something) to make a friendly suggestion, to give friendly advice. |
Exercise 9:Complete the dialogues. Use let's and why don't we.
1. A: The weather is beautiful today. ____________________________
B: Good idea.
2. A: I'm bored.
B: Me too. ________________________________________________
A: Great idea!
3. A: Are you hungry?
B: Yes. Are you?
A: Yes, ___________________________________________________
B: Okay.
4. A: What are you going to do over spring break?
B: I don't know. What are you going to do?
A: I haven't made any plans.
B: _________________________________________________________
A: That sounds like a terrific idea, but I can't afford it.
5. A: I need to go shopping.
B: So do I.
A: __________________________________________________________
B: I can't go then. _______________________________________________
A: Okay. That's fine with me.
6. A: Do you have any plans for this weekend?
B: Not really.
A: I don't either. _______________________________________________
B: Okay. Good idea.
7. A: What time should we leave for the airport?
B: ___________________________________
A: Okay.
8. A: What we should we do tonight?
B: _____________________________________
A: Sounds okay to me.
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| FUTURE TIME | | | Exercise 10 – ORAL. Give suggestions . Use Why don't you? |