Market development of services in Kazakhstan
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 423.
WTO and regulation of international trade services. The qualifier of services in international trade. Features of services as object of export and import. World markets of services: problems and development tendencies
The global market for services - an important phenomenon of modern international economic relations, despite the fact that he is still in the stage of active formation, which occurs very rapidly. It is in recent years there is a significant increase in the scale and diversity of the international trade in services: services accounted for over a quarter of total world trade, it reached at the beginning of XXI century, nearly $ 2 trillion. dollars (according to some estimates, about $ 3 trillion.). It is noteworthy that in the foreign trade growth rate of services is about 1.5 times higher than the rate of growth of physical goods.
The potential of world trade in services is huge. According to experts, involved in international traffic is now only about 7% of global services.
The phenomenon of rapid expansion of international trade in services associated with the action of a number of conditions and factors.
First, a common condition in determining the scope, structure, trends and dynamics of the world market, is the most rapid growth of services in all developed countries and its individual sectors in most countries of the world. Thus, in the late 50's of the XX century. share all kinds of services in the GDP of western countries is around 55% by the beginning of XXI century, it reached 70%.
Second, long-term economic recovery in most countries of the world community, observed at the end of the last century, has led to higher rates of economic growth, economic activity, productivity, level of profitability of firms, ability to pay, the development of social economy. More "mobile" lifestyle (business and "narrow-minded") caused not only a significant increase in demand for services already known, involved in world trade, but also the expansion of new services.
Third, really and actively proceeding process of globalization is a powerful factor in the development of the world market, contributing to both greater specialization of countries and diversity of trade in services.
Fourth, the most important role in the development of the world market, its structure has played and plays a scientific and technical progress. He, in particular, has led to the fact that:
- revolutionary technological changes in communication and transportation have made a number of products in the so-called non-factor services. The sharp decline in transport costs has increased the mobility of the producers and consumers of services, and the use of new satellite communications and video equipment, the Internet has made it possible in some cases to opt out of personal contact the seller and buyer services;
- the acceleration of technological progress in the areas of telecommunication and led to the emergence of new forms of trade in services. We are talking about the international commercial exchange of information, in which the database or the target of trade or firm so keep in touch with their foreign affiliates;
- Technological progress has allowed to increase the demand for those services, which used to have the commodity form (financial, banking and insurance services).
International trade in services has become the object of study is relatively recent. Long time service, according to the international standard classification adopted by the UN, were due to "non-tradable" goods (nontradable goods), ie goods that are consumed in the same country where they are produced, and do not move between countries. With the development of scientific and technical progress, economic internationalization of the services has been involved in world economic turnover and the term "tradable services", which are reflected in the recommendations of the IMF balance of payments.
The main differences between tradable and non-tradable goods are:
- Prices of tradable goods are determined by supply and demand on the world market and are influenced by supply and demand for them in the country and abroad. Prices of non-traded goods are determined by supply and demand in the national market. Fluctuations in the prices of such goods in other countries do not matter.
- Maintaining the balance of domestic supply and demand for traded goods is not so important, both for non-tradable goods, because the lack of domestic demand can always be offset by an increase in demand from abroad, and the lack of domestic supply - increasing the supply of foreign goods. For non-tradable goods to maintain domestic supply and demand balance is critical. With his abuse has serious socio-economic disparities.
- Dynamic and often the level of domestic prices of tradable goods follow the dynamics and the level of prices in other countries. Domestic prices of non-traded goods may differ from the prices in other countries, and the change may not lead to a change in foreign prices for the same goods.
Defining the international trade in services as a specific form of economic ties to share services between buyers and sellers in different countries, experts point out its features. Consider them.
- International trade in services is closely connected and / or linked to the trade of physical goods. As a rule, the sale of tangible goods entails a train services - marketing, transportation, finance, insurance, service (service). The more technically difficult and expensive material goods, the wider range of services related to its movement. On the other hand, trade in services is increasingly promotes physical goods on the international market: market research, market analysis, financial and information support, improvement of transportation services and other services, "paving the way" of material goods and increase the efficiency of trade. Thus, if the traditional physical goods "pulled" for a service, it is now in a very tough competition in the global market of physical goods "pushing" them to other countries by means of and through the services.
- According to its specificity, not all services can be internationally traded. In terms of possible participation in international trade in services are divided into three groups:
- those that may be subject to foreign trade (to which, for example, from time immemorial, are transportation services: an additional 3.5 thousand years ago by the Phoenicians regularly engaged in freight - sea transport of goods, 2.5 thousand years ago was born the international tourism for centuries, there are the external market financial, insurance, banking services);
- services which by its character cannot "walk" on the world market (usually the latter include utilities, part of household). Note that the range of such services is gradually narrowed;
- services that may or may not be internationally traded. This includes a lot of services, the range of their growing as scientific and technological progress. Thus, in the foreign trade are getting drawn into service of fast food, culture, health, sports, etc.
International trade in services is more than the physical trade in goods:
- protected by the state against foreign competition. Many governments believe that a massive import of services may be a threat to the sovereignty and security. Therefore, international trade in services is regulated by the state more tightly;
- monopolized. "Foreign share in banking at the end of the French bank" Credit Lyonnais ", ranking 9th place in the world rankings, is 46.4%. Secondary market insurance 32 major insurance companies concentrated in the hands of more than 70% of its volume. Each of the six largest auditing companies ("Arthur Andersen", "KPMG", "Ernst and Young", "Cooper and Laybrend", "DTT", "Price Waterhouse") has offices in more than 110 countries around the world, and the overall percentage of income sector is estimated at 30%, 60% of the world market of consulting services in the hands of 40 companies. " (See: EP Puzakov World economy. Series "Textbooks." Rostov n / D: "Phoenix", 2001. S. 250);
- diversified. Expands buying and selling entire package of services, resulting in lower risks of operations performed.
The current global market for services, including trade a wide variety of services (160 species), which are classified UN Statistical Commission in 12 sections:
1. Business services (46 services sector);
2. Communication services (25 species);
3. Construction and engineering services (5 species);
4. Distribution services (5 species);
5. Education services (5 species);
6. Services for the protection of the environment (4 species);
7. Financial services, including insurance (17 species);
8. Health services and social services (4 species);
9. Tourism and Travel (4 species);
10. Services in the field of leisure, culture and sport (5 species);
11. Transport services (33 species);
12. Other services.
The services sector is one of the most promising, high-growth industries. It covers a wide field of activities, from trade and transport to the finance, insurance and mediation of various kinds. The process of a fundamental restructuring of the economic system, the transition from a command economy to a market, the most severely affected by the services sector, the social sector.
As the experience of developed countries, as the complexity of production and saturation of the market with goods is a growing demand for services. Economically weaker than the society, the more its economic activity is limited mainly producing real wealth. The higher the economic level, the more developed industrial base, and the higher productivity of labor, the more difficult it becomes economic activities: changing structure of the economy and the significance of work, aimed at the production of services.
The period from 1991 to 2006 can be divided into two stages. The first stage - 1991-2000. characterized by the annual rate of decline of GDP, on average, about 10 percent, a high rate of price growth, volatility of domestic currency. Introduction of the national currency, the tenge, in November 1993 marked the beginning of conducting its own economic and financial policies, which in the early years has been directed primarily at achieving macroeconomic stability. As a result of tight monetary and fiscal policy of the first signs of stabilization emerged in 2001, when the annual inflation rate fell to a two-digit level - 60% for the year, and the annual rate of devaluation of the tenge against the U.S. dollar accounted for 18%, which meant his real appreciation.
For the services sector in the transition to a market economy is the strategic objective of maintaining stability in the market without any deterioration in public services. It is important that parallel existing businesses to service the population, formed new, creating effective competition and increasing the volume of services.
In this regard, we consider the possibilities of development of services in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a whole.
Prospects for expansion of the service sector:
1. It should be noted further rapid development of paid services.
- Therefore, changing the structure of consumer spending, due to the increase in their share of paid services. There is a growing trend for increased fee-based and service industries such as health care, education, culture, arts, housing and utilities, and communications. These industries are trying to survive in the market conditions in the absence of funding from the state budget, provide a range of fee-based services.
References:
1. Oatley T. International Political Economy / Thomas Oatley. – fifth edition- Boston: Longman, 2012- 416 p.
2. Pugel T.A. International Economics: / Thomas A. Pugel – fifteenth edition – New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012 – 770 p.
3. King P. International Economics, Globalization and Policy: a reader / Philip King, Sharmila King - fifth edition - New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009 – 376 p.
4. Feenstra R.C. (2004), Advanced International Trade. Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press.
5. James Rauch (2008). "growth and international trade," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract.
6. M. June Flanders (2008). "international economics, history of," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract.
7. Reuven Glick (2008). "macroeconomic effects of international trade" The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract.
8. Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition. Stocksfield: Anforme. ISBN 1-905504-10-1.
9. Stanley W. Black (2008). "international monetary institutions," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract.
10. Paul R. Krugman International Economics: theory and policy: / Paul R. Krugman – seventh edition- Boston: 2006
11. Cr. W. Kegley American Foreign Policy: pattern and process / Cr. W. Kegley – 2009
12. Caves R.E. World Trade and Payments: an introduction / Caves R.E. – Boston, 2007