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Features of the world technology market


Date: 2015-10-07; view: 393.


The global technology market is a system of economic relations in the exchange of scientific and technical knowledge, which can be represented as a materialized and not materialized form.

The subjects of the global technology market are state structures, research institutes and educational institutions, industrial companies and small innovative firms, as well as individuals - scientists and experts.

The main agents in the international technology market are the multinational company as large R & D costs can afford only the largest companies, especially since the introduction of modern, highly technical innovations usually require major investments. Multinational company, as the main agent of technology exchange, owns more than 4/5 patents on the technology. At the same time, at least 1/3 of the world accounts for the exchange of technology transfer to multinational company-house, which is used by them to penetrate new markets, or to establish their own subsidiaries.

The objects of the global technology market resulting from intellectual activity in the materialized (different machines, equipment, tools, production lines, etc.) and soft (information, other technical documents, knowledge and work experience) forms.The global technology market has a specific legal framework of its operation - International Code of Conduct on Transfer of Technology, as well as international regulatory bodies like the World Trade Organization Agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Committee on Transfer of Technology of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Coordinating Committee for Export Control (COCOM), the meeting of security experts and technology (STEM).Allocate the following segments of the world market for technology: market for patents, licenses and markets high-tech technology products, the market of high-tech capital market of scientific and technical experts.

The main form of international exchange of scientific and technical achievements - licensed trade, which are the subject of patent and off-patent (know-how) to transfer the license inventions, technological expertise, trade secrets and commercial knowledge, the use of trademarks, etc.

Licensed trade, covering the transaction with the know-how and patents, is the main form of commercial technology transfer. In modern conditions, the vast majority of the licensed trade is to sell off-patent licenses. This is due to savings on additional R & D and implementation costs in production. Therefore the most common in international transfers received license agreements providing comprehensive technological exchange with the representation of know-how and engineering services for the industrial implementation of the transferred technology. The second place is occupied by the license for the know-how and only the third - a pure patent license does not provide for the transfer of know-how. This is due, in part, by the fact that at the present level of technological development of most of the inventions without the provision of know-how, that is, experience and knowledge available to the firm and the vendor, or impossible, or leads to non-productive time and cost. Therefore know-how are the main object of not only licenses, but also other forms of technology transfer.

Leading industry licensing trade - electrical and electronics, mechanical engineering, chemicals and petrochemicals, transportation equipment, textiles and food processing. Especially rapidly developing trade licenses in the production of electrical and electronics.

The license is a permit seller (licensor) to use the other person - the buyer (licensee) - inventions, technological know-how, technology, work experience, trade secrets, trademarks, which are necessary for the production of commercial and other products for a certain period of time (an average of 5 -7 years) for contingent consideration.

Distinguish patent licenses, it means the right to use the patented invention, and the off-patent (know-how) license gives the right to the use of scientific and technological achievements.

In world practice, most commonly used license agreements that provide comprehensive transmission of several patents and related know-how.

Patent - a document issued by a state authority to the inventor, confirming his authorship and exclusive right to use the invention. According to UN experts, buyers pay for any license

1-10% of the cost of goods sold, issued on the basis of license agreements. Patents protecting against "piracy" and unfair competition. Especially piracy market distribution software, as well as in the use of trade names and trademarks. In Brazil, the "ghost company" specializes in the registration of well-known trademarks in order to enter into negotiations with their rightful owners and the extraction of this profit. So there were only 6000 characters (Suzuki, Renault, etc.).

By volume of the rights granted to the licensee are distinguished:

Single license, under a contract that allows the licensor to use the invention, and reserves the right as an independent use and sale of similar licenses to third parties (common in mass production and mass consumption), an exclusive license under the contract which the licensee granted exclusive rights to use the invention within the limits specified in the agreement, the licensor can not issue a license on conditions similar to others, but reserves the right to self-use license (typical for custom-made goods), a full license: licensor assigns all rights to the use of scientific and technological achievements during the period of agreement and refuses to use a separate license (rarely used).

For the right to use the subject of the license agreement the licensee shall pay the licensor a license fee.

Method of payment of the license fee:

Royalty - the agreed profit sharing, i.e. periodic deductions from income buyer for the duration of the license agreement. In the form of royalty is 90% of the royalties; lump sum - a lump sum payment that is not associated in time with the license, and is set in advance on the basis of expert judgment (usually in fragile states and unfamiliar partners), combined payments - include an initial amount a lump-sum payment (usually 10-15% of the total price of the license), and subsequent periodic payments (royalties).

By Category subject of the transaction distinguish licenses to scientific and technical knowledge (inventions and know-how), industrial designs, trademarks, and various services.

Know-how (know how) - the provision of technical expertise and trade secrets, including information technology, economic, administrative and financial nature, the use of which provides a definite competitive advantage. The laws of many countries have identified the know-how as an organizational or business information which is a trade secret.

Industrial design - art or art and design decision that determines the appearance of the product. An industrial design is granted legal protection.

Trademark - is a sign that distinguishes the goods and services of one person and firms from the goods of other persons or firms. Trademarks may contain words, pictures, symbols, etc. The trademark can be invalidated if it is illegal or registered course of time lost ground for the further maintenance in force of its state, for example, he came into general use as a designation of goods of a certain kind. So nearly happened to trademarks Aspirin Rankin copier. A variety of international trade licenses is franchising. Franchising - the transmission system or the sale of licenses for the technology and trademark. Seller (franchisor) not only conveys to the buyer (franchisee) the right to use the trademark, but also provides him with constant support in business. This assistance is reflected in the provision of technical services, training and skills development, enterprise management, for a fee, etc.

In essence, the seller and the buyer in this case acts as a vertically integrated company, subsidiaries of which are interrelated and produce for the consumer of the goods and services. It is especially characteristic for the complex franchise, which provides a complete software dealer, including marketing, management of the enterprises, standards and quality control.

Advantages of franchising:

maintaining a franchisee legal status and ownership of his property even if the actual transformation of the formerly independent company into a kind of subsidiary company known company, the ability to get a little firm support from the franchisor when applying for a loan to the bank or temporary difficulties in settling accounts with creditors ( franchisor may make guarantor), the use of the image of the company, has won a reputation with clients, ensures rapid acceptance by customers; guaranteed assistance in management, marketing, research and development, mutual support of free advertising and implementation assistance to each other in the exercise of raw materials and component parts , sales of finished products.

 


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Technologies and know-how as objects of international trade and as production factors. Scientific and production cooperation on a commercial basis | Market of the knowledge-intensive products. Market of patents and licenses
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