USE OF THE ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 509.
INTRODUCTION
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING
Unit 3
Task 1. Discuss the following questions:
· What is controlling for, do you think? How often do people use controlling in everyday life, in your opinion?
· What are the main goals of tests and control papers, to your mind?
· Do you like to control or to be controlled?
· Do your friends, parents, relatives control each other? Why?
· What approach to controlling his subordinates should a good manager have, in your opinion?
Task 2. Memorise the essential vocabulary to Text 1 and translate the sentences containing it:
| (1) at any rate(òàê ÷è ³íàêøå)–in any way, by all means. The notion of job design makes directing successful at any rate. |
| (2) appalling(ïðèãîëîìøëèâèé, æàõëèâèé) –inspiring horror, dismay or disgust. It leads to appalling economic losses. |
| (3) associate(ïðàö³âíèê) – a member of a professional organisation, an employee, a worker. The principle of “know how” is the most important one for associates. |
| (4) attainable(äîñÿæíèé) – able to succeed in reaching a particular level or in getting smth. after trying for a long time. High-quality results are not attainable by just one person acting alone. |
| (5) authority(âëàäà, ïîâíîâàæåííÿ, àâòîðèòåò) – 1) the power you have because of your position or because people respect your knowledge and experience; 2) official permission to do smth. Empowerment means giving employees the authority and responsibility to respond quickly to customers' requests. |
| (6) to be esteemed(áóòè âøàíîâàíèì, áóòè âèñîêî îö³íåíèì) – to be regarded highly and praised accordingly. One inherits a right to enjoy his work with a need to be loved and esteemed by others. |
| (7) to cease(ïðèïèíÿòè) – to stop doing smth. One of the things managers should do to reach total quality is to cease dependence on mass inspection. |
| (8) coach(³íñòðóêòîð) – one giving instructions and advice. Managers are less that of “boss” and more that of a coach, assistant, counsellor and team member. |
| (9) to complete (çàâåðøóâàòè) – to bring to an end. The notion of job design determines what tasks must be performed by each team to complete the work. |
| (10) to comprise (ì³ñòèòè, ñêëàäàòèñü) – to be made up of, to constitute, to compose. Line position comprises a direct chain of command and contributes directly to the achievement of the organisation's goals. |
| (11) confident (âïåâíåíèé) – sure that you can do smth. or deal with a situation successfully. A team worker is confident, flexible and open to change. |
| (12) to contribute to (ñïðèÿòè, ðîáèòè âíåñîê â) – to give money, help, ideas etc. to smth. that a lot of other people are also involved in. Every worker should contribute to the success of a team. |
| (13) constancy of purpose (ïîñò³éí³ñòü, ñòàë³ñòü, íåçì³íí³ñòü ìåòè) – a state when a purpose is the same for a certain period of time. People working in teams are higher motivated observing constancy of purpose and concrete results of their job. |
| (14) counselor(ðàäíèê) – a person who gives advice or counselling. Managers are less that of “a boss” and more that of a coach, assistant, counsellor and team member. |
| (15) to deal with (çàéìàòèñÿ ÷èìîñü, ìàòè ñïðàâó ç) – to concern oneself with. Each team of associates deals with a set of tasks to be performed. |
| (16) economic losses (åêîíîì³÷í³ âòðàòè) – an amount by which the cost of an article or service exceeds the selling price. If people are afraid to ask questions and do not understand how to act, it leads to economic losses. |
| (17) to eliminate (óñóâàòè, ë³êâ³äóâàòè) – to get rid of; to set aside as unimportant. You should eliminate slogans and targets for the workforce. |
| (18) employee(ïðàö³âíèê) – a worker, an associate. In most companies the personnel officer is responsible for hiring new employees. |
| (19) to enable (äàâàòè çìîãó) – to give smb. the opportunity or means; to make possible. Empowerment enables associates to fulfil the tasks set without the authority approval to satisfy customers' wants. |
| (20) to facilitate (ïîëåãøóâàòè) – to make easier. Staff position facilitates or provides advice to line positions. |
| (21) feedback (çâîðîòíèé çâ'ÿçîê) – advice, criticism about how successful or useful smth. is. Directing involves giving assignments, explaining routines, clarifying policies and supplying feedback on performance. |
| (22) to feel secure (ïî÷óâàòèñü ó áåçïåö³) – to feel being in safety. Managers should make people feel secure. |
| (23) flexible(ãíó÷êèé) – characterised by a ready capability to adapt to new or changing requirements. Team worker is confident, flexible and open to change. |
| (24) to fulfill (âèêîíóâàòè) – to do, to perform, to accomplish. A special management team with a plan of actions is obligatory to fulfil the quality mission. |
| (25) innovation (³ííîâàö³ÿ, íîâèçíà) – introduction of smth. new. In certain areas of business it is important to keep up with innovations and original design. |
| (26) an item (òîâàð) – an article, good, product, merchandise. Any defective items will be repaid. |
| (27) job design (îðãàí³çàö³ÿ ïðàö³) – a determination of exactly what tasks must be performed to complete the work. Success in business depends on carefully defined job design and responsibility. |
| (28) job range (ïîñàäîâ³ îáîâ'ÿçêè) – the number of tasks the worker performs. He or she is concerned with concrete job range, is free to act and if he or she needs advice, the authorities must supply it immediately. |
| (29) the level of productivity of labour (ð³âåíü ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³ ïðàö³) – the quality or state of labour. The level of productivity of labour depends on economic incentives. |
| (30) maintenance (ï³äòðèìêà) – the state of being supported. The company should stay in business and provide jobs through innovation, constant improvement and maintenance. to maintain – ï³äòðèìóâàòè |
| (31) natural inclination (ïðèðîäí³ çä³áíîñò³) – a natural tendency to a particular aspect. It is easy to work with people, who have natural inclination to their job. |
| (32) open to change (ãíó÷êèé, ãîòîâèé äî çì³í) – ready to meet innovations and changes. A team-worker is confident, flexible and open to change. |
| (33) to operate (ä³ÿòè, ïðàöþâàòè, çä³éñíþâàòè îïåðàö³¿ (ô³íàíñîâ³) – to act, to work with a purpose. Departmentalisation increases the level of productivity of labour and allows any business organisation to operate freely. |
| (34) to oversee (íàãëÿäàòè, ñòåæèòè, ïåðåâ³ðÿòè) – to examine, to watch, to look through. A manager who guides, directs and oversees the work of his associates, should not keep employees in the dark about changes, procedures, steps taken by a firm. |
| (35) products and services (òîâàðè ³ ïîñëóãè) – goods and services provided to a consumer by supplier. Our company proposes different kinds of products and services. |
| (36) supplier(ïîñòà÷àëüíèê) – a person or company providing a particular product. Buyers should seek and find the best quality in a long-term relationship with a single supplier. |
| (37) up-to-date (ñó÷àñíèé) – modern. Some up-to-date managers perform all of these tasks with the full cooperation and participation of workers. |
| (38) vigorous (ñèëüíèé, åíåðã³éíèé, ð³øó÷èé) – full of physical or mental strength or active force. Managers should institute a vigorous program for education and retraining. |
Task 3. Match each word in section A with its translation in section B:
A.Associate; supplier; maintenance; at any rate; vigorous; to deal with; coach; appalling; attainable; to oversee; economic losses; counsellor; to enable; job range; to cease.
B.Òàê ÷è ³íàêøå; íàãëÿäàòè; åêîíîì³÷í³ âòðàòè; äîñÿæíèé; ìàòè ñïðàâó ç; ïîñàäîâ³ îáîâ'ÿçêè; ï³äòðèìêà; ïðèïèíÿòè; ïðàö³âíèê; ïîñòà÷àëüíèê; ïðèãîëîìøëèâèé; ñèëüíèé, åíåðã³éíèé; äàâàòè çìîãó; ðàäíèê; ³íñòðóêòîð.
Task 4. Match each word in section A with the one of the similar meaning in section B:
A.Up-to-date; to operate; vigorous; supervisor; to enable; to cease; to oversee; to deal with; to fulfil; to eliminate; confident; to facilitate; to comprise; to complete; to contribute.
B.To concern oneself with; trustful; to consist; modern; to carry out, to conclude; to add; to finish; forceful; boss; to empower; to examine; to promote; to perform; to cut out; to conclude.
Task 5. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:
A.To fulfil; appalling; to contribute; economic losses; constancy of purpose; employee; to enable; flexible; up-to-date; to feel secure; to provide; to maintain; vigorous; to cease; to eliminate.
B.Inflexible; weak; out-of-date; economic profit; to feel insecure; encouraging; to withhold, to prevent; to neglect; to start; to fail; jobless person; inconstancy of purpose; to remove; to accept; to prevent.
Task 6. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:
A.To be esteemed; to cease; to complete; to comprise; to contribute to; counsellor; to deal with; to eliminate; employee; to facilitate; to feel secure.
B.To be made up of; to bring to an end; to be regarded highly and praised accordingly; to stop doing smth.; to give a part to a common fund or store; to concern oneself with; a worker, an associate; to make easier; to feel being in safety; to get rid of; a person who gives advice or counselling;
Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:
1. The notion of job design, exactly, to complete the work, makes directing, which is determination of, by each team, what tasks must be performed, successful at any rate. 2. Traditional managers, to meet the goals and objectives of, direct workers in activities, the organisation. 3. Staff position, advice, facilitates or provides, to line positions. 4. Empowerment, to respond promptly to, that means, the authority and responsibility, giving employees, is a total quality term, customer requests. 5. Departmentalisation, grouping jobs, according to, is a process of, some logical arrangements. 6. Team-worker, and if he needs advice, concrete job range, is concerned with, is free to act, the authorities, must supply it immediately. 7. The director, to become self-managed, as much freedom as possible, gives employees, and self-motivated. 8. Some up-to-date managers, with the full cooperation, perform all of the tasks, and participation of workers. 9. Empowerment, without the authority approval, enables associates, to fulfil the tasks set, to satisfy customers' wants. 10. Empowering employees, to take part more fully, means allowing them, in decision-making.
Task 8. Memorise the essential vocabulary to Text 2 and translate the sentences containing it:
| (1) accordingly(â³äïîâ³äíî, íàëåæíî) – in accordance, correspondingly; consequently. If performance is measured accordingly, it is easier to correct deviations. |
| (2) approach(ï³äõ³ä) – the taking of steps toward a particular purpose. In order to overcome these time lags in control, it is suggested that managers utilise a feedforward control approach and not rely on simple feedback alone. |
| (3) budget(áþäæåò) – a plan of income and expenditures for a particular period of time. One of the older control devices is the budget. |
| (4) common(çâè÷àéíèé, çàãàëüíîâ³äîìèé) – belonging to or shared by two or more individuals; of the best known kind. At the beginning of the negotiation they tried to establish some common ground. |
| (5) to compare (ïîð³âíþâàòè) – to examine the character or qualities in order to discover resemblances or differences. Managerial control is usually perceived as a simple feedback system similar to the common household thermostat. |
| (6) computer terminal (êîìï'þòåðíèé òåðì³íàë) – a combination of a keyboard and an output device by which data can be entered or output from a computer. Computers have also contributed to telecommuting, which means that persons may work at home at a computer terminal that is linked to a company's mainframe computer. |
| (7) criterion(êðèòåð³é) – characterising mark or trait. Standards are criteria of performance. |
| (8) delay (çàòðèìêà, çâîë³êàííÿ, â³äêëàäàííÿ) – the situation in which smth. does not happen or start when it should. No matter how quickly information is available on what is occurring there are unavoidable delays in analysing deviations, developing plans for taking corrective action and implementing these programs. |
| (9) to detect (âèÿâëÿòè, çíàõîäèòè) – to discover or determine the existence or fact of. Manufacturer's problem is to detect which styles will be a hit. |
| (10) deviation (â³äõèëåííÿ) – noticeable departure from accepted norms, ideology etc. There are different kinds of standards and they should point out deviations at critical point. |
| (11) device (çàñ³á, ñïîñ³á, ïðèñòð³é) – a plan, a procedure, a technique, a scheme. The budget is one of the control devices. |
| (12) to disperse (ðîçõîäèòèñü, ðîçïîâñþäæóâàòè) – to cause to break up; to cause to become spread widely. The management information system is a formal system of gathering, analysing and dispersing information in a timely, effective and efficient manner. |
| (13) to evaluate (îö³íþâàòè) – to determine or fix the value of. Effective control requires attention to those factors that are critical to evaluating performance against plans. |
| (14) execution(âèêîíàííÿ, 䳺â³ñòü, åôåêòèâí³ñòü) – the act or mode or result of performance. Standards are selected points in a whole planning program which inform managers about every step in execution of plans. |
| (15) external(çîâí³øí³é) – situated outside; arising from outside. Political, economic and social circumstances are the main factors of external influence on enterprises. |
| (16) to fit (ï³äõîäèòè, â³äïîâ³äàòè) – to be suitable for or to harmonise with. To be effective, controls also should be designed to point up exceptions at critical points, to be objective, to be flexible, to fit to organisational culture, to be economical and to lead to corrective action. |
| (17) impact(ïîøòîâõ, ³ìïóëüñ, âïëèâ) – a forceful contact, outset; a significant or major effect. The impact of computers on managers at various organisational levels differs. |
| (18) to integrate (îá'ºäíóâàòè) – to make to become one. The management information system is a formal system of gathering, integrating, comparing, analysing and dispersing information internal and external to the enterprise in a timely, effective and efficient manner. |
| (19) internal (âíóòð³øí³é) – existing or situated within the limits of smth. Goals, structure, staff, resources are the factors of internal influence. |
| (20) to involve (çàëó÷àòè, âêëþ÷àòè) – to engage a participant; to include, to have within or as part of itself. The basic control process involves three steps. |
| (21) lag(â³äñòàâàííÿ, çàï³çíåííÿ) – staying or falling behind. In order to overcome time lags in control, it is suggested that managers utilise a feedforward control approach. |
| (22) to link (çâ'ÿçóâàòè, ç'ºäíóâàòè) – to couple or connect by. Tenderers are linked by the terms of their bid for a period of 60 days. |
| (23) to make sure(âïåâíèòèñü, ïåðåêîíàòèñü) – to know for certain. Controlling makes sure that enterprise objectives and plans devised to attain them are being accomplished. |
| (24) measurement (âèì³ðþâàííÿ) – the act or process of measuring (estimation of dimensions, capacity, amount etc.). The managerial function of controlling is the measurement and correction of performance. |
| (25) to modify (ìîäèô³êóâàòè, âèäîçì³íþâàòè) – to make minor changes in, to make basic or fundamental changes in, often to serve a new end. Managers may correct deviations by redrawing their plans or by modifying their goals. |
| (26) numerical terms(öèôðîâ³ òåðì³íè) – terms expressed in or involving numbers. Budgeting is the formulation of plans for a given future period in numerical terms. |
| (27) to occur (â³äáóâàòèñÿ, âèíèêàòè, ç'ÿâëÿòèñü) – to happen, to come into existence; to take place. No matter how quickly information is available on what is occurring, there are unavoidable delays in analysing deviations. |
| (28) operational audit (ôóíêö³îíàëüíèé àóäèò) – a formal examination of an organisation's or individual's accounts or financial situation. Among the traditional nonbudgetary control devices are statistical data and their analyses, special reports and analyses, the operational audit and personal observation. |
| (29) to perceive (ñïðèéìàòè) – to attain awareness or understanding; to become aware of smth. through the senses. Managerial control is usually perceived as a simple feedback system similar to the common household thermostat. |
| (30) to point out(âêàçóâàòè, ï³äêðåñëþâàòè) – to emphasise. Controls should be designed to point out exceptions at critical points. |
| (31) regardless(íåçâàæàþ÷è íà, íåçàëåæíî â³ä) – without being affected by different situations, problems. Control techniques and systems are basically the same regardless of what is being controlled. |
| (32) to rely on (ïîêëàäàòèñü íà êîãîñü, ùîñü) – to count on smb., smth. Managers should not rely on simple feedback alone. |
| (33) revenue and expense budget(áþäæåòäîõîä³â òà âèòðàò) – when income exceeds expenditures there is a surplus in budget, when expenses are greater than income, there is a deficit in budget. Revenue and expense budgets are on of several types of budgets. |
| (34) to select (âèáèðàòè) – to make choice, to choose from a group. Standards are selected points in a whole planning programme which inform managers about every step in execution of plans. |
| (35) similar(ïîä³áíèé) – having characteristics in common. Managerial control is usually received as a simple feedback system similar to household thermostat. |
| (36) statistical data (ñòàòèñòè÷í³ äàí³) – numerical data coming from collecting and analysing data according to statistical laws. Statistical data are among traditional nonbudgetary control devices. |
| (37) to suggest (ðàäèòè, ïðîïîíóâàòè) – to offer for consideration or as a hypothesis. It is suggested that managers utilise a feedforward control approach. |
| (38) technique(ìåòîä, òåõí³êà âèêîíàííÿ) – a method of accomplishing a desired aim. Control techniques and systems are basically the same regardless of what is being controlled. |
| (39) thereby (òàêèì ÷èíîì, ó çâ'ÿçêó ç öèì, çà äîïîìîãîþ öüîãî) – in connection with, with the help of. They sponsored a number of cultural events and thereby enhanced their reputation. |
| (40) tool (³íñòðóìåíò, çàñ³á) – smth. used in performing an operation or necessary in the practice of a vocation or profession. The operational audit is one of the traditional nonbudgetary control tools. |
| (41) variety(ð³çíîìàí³òí³ñòü, âàð³àòèâí³ñòü) – a quality or state of having different forms or types. A variety of tools and techniques has been used in controlling. |
Task 9. Match each word in section A with its translation in section B:
A.To compare; to point out; impact; execution; to fit; approach; to evaluate; device; to detect; criterion; to delay; measurement; to perceive; variety; to suggest.
B.Êðèòåð³é; çàñ³á, ñïîñ³á; ïîð³âíþâàòè; âèÿâëÿòè; âèì³ðþâàííÿ; ð³çíîìàí³òí³ñòü; ïðîïîíóâàòè; â³äêëàäàòè, çàòðèìóâàòè; âèêîíàííÿ; ñïðèéìàòè; ï³äõ³ä; îö³íþâàòè; ï³äõîäèòè; âêàçóâàòè; âïëèâ.
Task 10. Match each word in section A with the one of the similar meaning in section B:
A.To select; to rely on; to detect; similar; to occur; to involve; to link; common; to modify; to point out; device; to perceive; to fit; to delay.
B.To choose; to count on; to happen; to become aware; alike; to include; to connect; to change; technique; to suit; to postpone; to emphasise; to discover; collective.
Task 11. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:
A.External; common; to disperse; efficient; similar; to be sure; to link; variety; regardless; effective; to manage; together.
B.Uncommon; to fail; internal; to separate; different; ineffective; to hesitate; attentive; to gather; alone; similitude; inefficient.
Task 12. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:
A.Accordingly; budget; criteria; to detect; to evaluate; external; to involve; to occur.
B.Characterising marks or traits; to discover or determine the existence or fact of; in accordance, correspondingly; situated outside; to engage a participant; to happen, to come into existence; to determine or fix the value of; a plan for the coordination of resources and expenditures.
Task 13. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:
1. There are, and they should point out, deviations, different kinds of standards, at critical point. 2. Managerial control, as a simple feedback system, similar to, is usually perceived, the common household thermostat. 3. Budgeting, plans for, a given future period, is the formulation of, in numerical terms. 4. Computers, at a computer terminal, may work at home, to telecommuting, which is linked to, have also contributed, which means that, people, a company's mainframe computer. 5. The management information system, the enterprise in a timely, information internal and external to, gathering, integrating, comparing, analysing, and dispersing, is a formal system of, effective and efficient manner. 6. They are, which inform managers about, in a whole planning program, every step, selected points, in execution of plans. 7. Standards, various positions, should reflect, in an organisation structure. 8. If performance, it is easier, is measured accordingly, to correct deviations. 9. Managers know exactly, corrective measures, where, must be applied. 10. Managers, by redrawing, may correct deviations or by modifying, their plans, their goals.
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