Match the parts of the sentences and translate them. Mind the Complex Subject.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 430.

1. Herodotus and Thucydides a) to emphasize dramatic and

are known anecdotal materials in his biographies of famous Greeks

and Romans regarded as il-

lustrations of moral choices.

2. Plutarch is believed b) to write an ecclesiastical his-

tory tracing the growth of the

church though its history to

the triumph of his own days.

3. Cato the Elder is said c) to depict the development of

the state as a result of geo-

graphical and historical cir-

cumstances rather than as a

result of divine providence.

4. Eusebius of Caesarea is d) to achieve the integration of

supposed secular and ecclesiastic histo-

ry in an intelligent narrative.

5. Many monasteries are held e) to write in vernacular languag-

es.

f) to be the first to write Roman history in Latin.

g) to combine a deep respect for antiquarian research and great literary gifts.

h) to keep annals which were anonymous work of genera­tions of monks.

i) to record contemporary or near-contemporary event depend­ing on eyewitness or other re­liable testimony for evidence.

2.4 Give English-Russian equivalents of the following expressions:

работа, трактат по политике и экономике; to compile the an­nals; тысячелетие, тысячелетия; nonpartisan approach; быть единственным прецедентом; the operation of the divine in history; писать на родном языке, местном диалекте; to achieve its identity as; дать толчок, стимул чему-то; mingling of secular and religious in history; Ветхий Завет, Новый Завет, завет; a provisional model; возрождение интереса к чему-то; reliable testimony; признание современников за необыкновенные достижения; literacy; на стыке божественного и светского; comprehensive history of; стро­гий, точный научный метод.

2.5 Complete the text by translating the Russian word combinations. Consult
the prompt in the box, if necessary:

narratives, ecclesiastic history; to give impetus to or to encourage to be committed to; to interpret; to avoid forgery, ignorance and mistakes; the only precedent in the Old Testament; roughly; de­cayed; to see or to witness the renewal of interest, one of profes­sional skills of the clergy: to set a standard for; it should be noted that; to gain a legal status; intermediary evidences; to achieve its identity; sources; originated with; to keep annals and chronicles; mingling of secular and ecclesiastic history with moral interpreta­tion; unequal; a covenant; academic subject; literacy

Historiography may be (примерно) divided into two (неравные) parts: Western and non-Western.

Western historiography (произошла, появилась у) the ancient Greeks. The Greeks and the Romans (дали, показали образец, установили литературный стандарт) for historical writing. (Необ­ходимо отметить, что) the Greeks and the Romans were pagans. Af­ter Christianity (получило законный статус) new approaches were introduced and the first (история церкви) was written where major Questions of human existence were also considered. Such (соедине­ние, смешение, совмещение церковном и светской истории и ее нравственная оценка) had (единственный прецедент в Ветхом Завете), where (завет) between God and mankind was seen in his-torical terms.

During the Middle Ages classical education (пришло в упадок). (Грамотность) became (одним из профессиональных навыков священнослужителей). Many monasteries (вели летописи) often anonymous work of generations of monks. The 15th century (был свидетелем возрождения интереса) to the intensified study of Greek and Roman literature that (дало стимул) secular and realistic approach to political history both ancient and modern. Only in the 19th c. history (получила признание) as an independent (научная дисциплина). History firmly (утвердилась) as a professional field in European and American universities.

2.6 Translate the following into English using words and phrases from the text:

Истоки западной историографии восходят к древней Гре­ции. Геродот считается отцом истории за свой знаменитый трактате Персидских войнах. Он завоевал огромное признание у современников и последующего поколения историков за не­обыкновенные достоинства этого произведения. Он и другие выдающиеся греческие историки создали произведения выда­ющейся выразительной силы. Влияние греческого как языка культуры и науки было так велико, что первые работы по исто­рии Древнего Рима были написаны по-гречески, и только Ка-тон Старший первым начал писать на латыни.

Необходимо отметить, что греческие и римские историки были язычниками и их произведения носили светский харак­тер. После принятия христианство императором КонстантиномВеликим христианство noлучило правовой статус, что повлекло за собой появление новых тем и подходов в истории. Сочетание светской и церковной истории с последующей нравственной оценкой стало характерным для исторической литературы. В результате была создана единая хронология. точкой отсчета в которой стало рождение Христа. В Средние Века грамотой владели в основном священнослужители, и летописи велись в монастырях многими поколениями монахов, имена которых не остались в памяти человечества. Они в основном писали на латыни, но поздние средневековые историки начали возрождать традиции светской литературы и некоторые писали на родном языке.

Эпоха Возрождения принесла осознание существования исторических перемен как таковых. Вновь возник большой интерес к изучению греческой и латинской литературы, что способствовало появлению реалистичного светского подхода к написанию работ по политической истории.

Необходимо отметить, что только в XIX в. благодаря рабо- там немецкого ученого Л. Ранке история получила признание как самостоятельная научная дисциплина, со своими крити- ческими методами и подходами, овладение которыми требова­ло строгой научной подготовки. К XX в. история стала в один ряд с современными науками. Она основывается на точных ме- тодах и эффективно использует архивные материалы и новые источники.

2.7 Read and translate the text without a dictionary:

Two major tendencies in the writing of history are evident from the beginnings of the Western tradition: the concept of historiography as an accumulation of records and the concept of history as storytelling, filled with explanations of cause and effect. In the 5th century BC the Greek historians Herodotus and, later, Thucydides emphasized firsthand inquiry in their efforts to impose a narrative pattern on wars and major political events. As examples of literary art, their critical accounts are interesting and dramatically unified and present prose of striking style, though sometimes at the expense of truth or verifiability of evidence. Biased accounts are more likely among the Romans, whose historians generally were members of the ruling class and thus

were hardly disinterested. The dominance of Christian historiography by the 4th century introduced the idea of word history as the result of operation of the divine in the affairs of men and women, an idea that was to prevail throughout the Middle Ages. In the early Middle Ages in the West, the Christian monastic historians mingled fact and myth in their accounts. The strengths of medieval historiography are its oc­casional accounts of witnessed contemporary events and frequent quotations from official documents.

The major contributions of Byzantine historiography were its strong secular tradition, which resulted in contemporary histories, bi­ographies, and popular chronicles, and its preservation of and emula­tion of the Greco-Roman classical models, which resulted in the con­tinuation of Greek learning and culture. The Byzantine tradition's most important achievement lay in its revival of the concept of critical history: attention thus was paid to rational analysis, to cause and effect. The two main influences on historiography in the early modern period were nationalism (as manifested in the concept of national his­tory) and the Reformation. The new historiography of the Enlighten­ment resulted from the wish to transfer the objective and impartial methods of natural science to the analysis and improvement of hu­man social structures.

The 19th and 20th centuries have seen the development of modern methods of historical investigation; the basis of these is the authenti­cation, interpretation, and critical evaluation of historical documents and earlier historiographic writings, and the synthesis of these materi­als into an accurate narrative or analysis of the past. Modern histori­ography has largely become the province of professional historians who acquire a knowledge of their discipline through specialized high­er education. Modern historiography is a cooperative venture in which the achievements of past historians are used systematically by their successors in a continuously expanding and changing reassess­ment of the past.

2.8 Summarize the text in a paragraph of about 200 words or speak on one of the topics:

1. The problems of modern and contemporary historiography.

2. Russian historiography.