Ex.56 Choose the correct answer.

I went to a strict boarding school with rules for everything. Take, for example, the bedrooms. You (1)______________ make your beds and keep the room clean and tidy, although of course you (2)_____________ clean the windows and floor. Obviously, you (3)___________ smoke in the bedrooms, but some older boys did. You (4)______________read in bed until nine, but then the lights were turned off. Sundays were more relaxed. You (5)______________wake up until eight and there were no lessons. You were free and you (6)______________do what you wanted. Sunday was always my favourite day.

Ex.58 Complete the text with had to, didn't have to, could or couldn't + the verbs in brackets.

Life for children in Victorian Britain was very different from the life children lead today. Firstly, Victorian children a (go) didn't have to go to school, and in any case poor families b (pay) ____________ for lessons because they didn't have enough money. So children c (find) ____________ jobs at an early age, starting in the coal mines, for example, at the age of five. The more fortunate children became apprentices, learning a trade and working at the same time. Such children d (work) ____________ for fifty or sixty hours a week, usually for very low wages, and e (sign) ____________ an agreement which kept them with the same master for a number of years. The worst jobs were in factories, where many children under the age of nine were employed. Children were also employed to clean chimneys, and known as 'chimney sweeps'. These children f (climb) ____________ up chimneys and clean them. They g (be) ____________ small, or else they would get stuck in the chimney. Using children to do this job was banned in 1840, but employers then h (use) ____________ special brushes, which were expensive, and so they continued to use children. The employersi (pay) ____________ a small fine if they were caught. After the Factory Act of 1833, employers in textile factories j (employ) ____________ children under the age of nine, though children aged nine to 11 k (work) ____________ eight hours a day. However, nothing changed in coal mines and in other factories, where employers l (put) ____________ children to work in dangerous and dirty conditions. It wasn't until 1847 that employers m (limit) ____________ the working day to ten hours, for both children and adults.

Ex.59 Complete the text with could, couldn't, had to, didn't have to, didn't need to, needn't have, should have or shouldn't have and the verbs in brackets. Not all are used in the text.

History contains a lot of stories about people who a (be) ___should have been a little bit more careful. In 1576 the explorer Sir Martin Frobisher sailed to the north of Canada trying to find a way to Asia. Unfortunately, he b (find) ____________ it, but during the voyage, his men landed on Baffin Island as they c (look for) ____________ food and shelter. Here he discovered some rocks which he thought contained gold. When he returned to England he showed the piece of rock to people who agreed that it was gold, and Frobisher returned to the island with a larger ship. It was a difficult journey, as the ship d (avoid) ____________ huge icebergs. On the island there were polar bears which e (kill) ____________ a man quite easily And Frobisher was worried that someone else would get to the gold first. Perhaps he f (tell) ____________ so many people about his discovery, he thought. But he g (worry) ____________ about his secret. He found the place again, and his men h (work) ____________ in the freezing weather to dig for the gold. They returned to England again, and this time he i (stop) ____________ his discovery from becoming generally known. More and more people wanted to go to Baffin Island, and the next year the ships came back with hundreds of tonnes of gold. Unfortunately, this is where things went wrong. When Frobisher tried to sell the gold, he discovered that perhaps hej(show) ____________ it to more people in the first place. The people he had showed it to had been wrong. They k (tell) ____________ the difference between gold and iron pyrite, a compound of iron and sulphur. Everyone laughed at Sir Martin and his men, and he l (admit) ____________ that he had made a mistake.