Grammar exercises

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 469.

6. Read, translate and pay attention to the usage of modal verb can and its equivalent:

1. It's such a bad copy! I can't file it. 2. She can't come on Monday. She can only send us five copies. 3. Can't you settle this problem? 4. You can phone Mr Benson, my business partner. 5. Will you be able to do this work tomorrow? 6. I don't think I can go on holidays this year, I can't afford it. 7. I wasn't able to find my way anywhere when I first came to this town. 8. I hope to be able to work abroad when I leave university. 9. They can't all be lying. 10. They are able to appreciate your kindness.11. Can they have prepared their lessons so quickly? 12. They can't have performed network analysis so quickly. 13. One cannot fail to observe that the advance in technique grows more rapid. 14. One can accept his (her) cheques only with a bank card. 15. Paper books are cheap and efficient while electronic books can store much more information – a thousand paperbacks on one disk –and manage the information in ways paperbacks simply can't. Twenty volumes of the Oxford dictionary, which weighs 66 kilos and has 21, 710 pages can be put on one disk called CD ROM, which means “compact disk read only memory”. Its contents cannot be altered.

7. Fill in: can / to be able to:

1. The ancient dream of human flight … be traced in many legends. 2. Our ancient ancestors created stone axes … to hunt efficiently, otherwise they … 3. An Italian Leonardo da Vinci was a student in Florence. He … draw, design buildings, write music. 4. Plank found that he … derive a mathematical formula by making an assumption that a body cannot radiate energy continuously. 5. It is stylish … to speak a foreign language. 6. Higher education … not be called complete without at least one foreign language. 7. With introduction of e-mail and mobile phones, managers … to do more and more of the activities themselves without a secretary.

8. Read and translate, pay attention to the usage of modal verb may and its equivalent.

1. Jane may (might) still be in her office, but she usually leaves before six. 2. You were lucky. You might have failed your exam. 3. They might be more attentive in class. 4. Of course a miracle may happen and you may be a great scientist. 5. You may come at any time that is convenient to you. 6. His name is Starfield. You may have heard of him. 7. Tools made of cast-iron and then of steel allowed hard materials such as stone to be treated, which led to the development of civil engineering. 8. Information such as exactly where you are, to the precision of a few meters, may be available through a mobile phone. This may be extremely useful if you got lost, say, when driving a car. 9. Today most scientists think comets may have created from a huge cloud of particles that surrounds our entire solar system.

9. Read and translate, pay attention to the usage of modal verb must and its equivalent. Ask questions to the words in bold:

1. I have to work from 8.30 till 5.30 every day. 2. He does not want to go to the cinema with us. He must have seen the film. 3. Paying by credit card you don't have to carry around large amounts of cash. 4. This evidence must provide some new facts. 5. These phenomena must be distinguished carefully. 6. There must besome force operating to keep bodies moving in the way they do. 7. There is no certainty that molecules in a gas must behave in the same way as in a liquid.8. We must be able to predict the properties of a virus.9.Any space travel must provide means for a subsequent return to the Earth.10.Since survival is the principal problem for living on the moon, early settlers will have to build an atmosphere like the earth's. They will have to produce food and oxygen and find water. They will have to explore the possibilities for commercial development and continue scientific investigation.11. We have to realize that our whole history is the history of technology, regardless of the exact form it took.Today an enormous amount of personal and business communication takes place by telephone, and fax machine, and most long-distance calls travel via satellite. Fifty years ago telephones could only work between places connected by continuous wires which had to cross the oceans; the world's longest cable still stretches underwater for fifteen thousand kilometers beneath the Pacific Ocean. 12. The huge quantity of information that people have to deal with has rocketed with the advent of satellite and cable television.

10. Read and translate. Which sentences express suggestion? Which sentences express strong obligation?:

1) You should go on a diet. 2) Your diving equipment must be cleaned regularly if you want to keep it in good condition. 3) You should share your problem with your parents. 4) You must fasten the belts in a plane. 5) I am to do this exercise, because my instructor told me to do it in order to check my progress on the unit.

11. Fill the gaps, using modal verbs must, should, need, have to, (to) be to, may, can. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the correct form:

1) As we have agreed before, we _____ (to meet) at two o'clock to go to the planetarium to observe the planetary motion through the huge telescope. 2. Who _____ (to go) to the library to get the new books? – I _____, but I can't because I ______ (to finish) an important work at the laboratory. 3. You ______ (to attend) a very interesting lecture which (to be held) tomorrow. 4. If you want to improve your English, you _____ (to work) hard. 5. The computer isn't working. They_____ (to damage) it during production. 6. The book is optional. The professor said we _____ (to read) it if we needed extra credit. But we _____ (to read) it if we don't want to. 7. They _____ (to deliver) package tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning. 8. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ____ (to walk) downtown and explore the waterfront. 9. He _____ (to be) careful with this device. It is very dangerous. 10. I ______ (to speak) Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I _____ just (to say) a few things in the language. 11. It _____ (to be) Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend. 12. There is something wrong with your TV. You ____ (to call) a repair-man.

12. Read and translate. Pay attention to the usage of the modal verbs and their equivalents. Then work with a partner. Take turns to ask and answer questions to these paragraphs. Use the words and word combinations below:

important role computer mistakes

educational and entertaining computer-made catastrophe

basic computer skills bugs

to gain access to prevent a crash

1. Computers play an important role nowadays. Employees can work faster at their workplace then they used to in the past; in addition to this, computers can be educational and entertaining. 2. From a very young age children can gain basic computer skills through programs that allow them to learn, draw, paint, and play. In the future, these skills can help them gain access to the enormous versatility of the cultural heritage of the humanity.

3. As the demands placed on computers grow, so has the number of incidents involving computer mistakes. We should not ignore the warning from computer experts about the possible occurrence of a computer-made catastrophe. ‘Safety critical' systems (системы обеспечения безопасности), that fly planes, drive trains or control nuclear stations also may have bugs (the word bug means ‘mistake').

The only solution is that the IT experts have to learn to think clearly and to be able to demonstrate mathematically that the program cannot go seriously wrong.

Computerized systems may fail to warn of impending disaster (надвигающаяся катастрофа, опасность) and it is only quick human reaction that prevents a crash.

13. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Тебе обязательно нужно посетить эту очень важную лекцию, которая состоится завтра. 2. Вам придется заказать билеты в обсерваторию заранее, так как они быстро распродаются. 3. Студентам иногда разрешается пользоваться словарем, работая с текстами. 4. Мы должны провести много опытов, чтобы убедиться, что его наблюдения отвечают всем требованиям. 5. Не может быть, чтобы он говорил неправду. 6. Мы должны были встретить делегацию вчера в 3 часа дня. 7. Чтобы предотвратить аварию в компьютерной системе, реакция человека должна быть очень быстрой. 8. Эксперты по информационным технологиям обязаны обращать серьезное внимание на то, чтобы системы обеспечения безопасности работали надежно. 9. Электронные книги отличаются от печатных книг в некоторых отношениях (in some respects): нам не нужно их возвращать, их можно бесконечно копировать (to be duplicated), они могут поспешно перемещаться (to speed) по всему миру со скоростью света (at the velocity of light). Электронные книги могут хранить большое количество информации. 10. При помощи компьютеров люди могут получить доступ к огромному разнообразию культурного наследия человечества. 11. Эти аспиранты проводят исследование в области микробиологии. 12. Мы знаем, что внедрение в любую новую область знаний (domain) может привести к открытиям, которые ученые часто не могут предсказать. 14. Согласно археологическим документам, цивилизации Вавилона и Шумера, должно быть, имели хорошее представление о медицине, астрономии, прикладной математике, не говоря уже об инженерии (инженерном искусстве). 15. Только с появлением Эвклида и Архимеда мы можем говорить о реальной науке. 16. Науке приходилось часто вступать в конфликт с религией, которая пыталась найти следы ереси в научных представлениях о космосе, происхождении и структуре земли и особенно в научных представлениях о происхождении человечества.