Write an abstract to the text in your own words using the plan and the sentences you've written out and condensed.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 540.

Write out all the sentences, expressing the main idea(s) of each logical part and translate them into Ukraininan.

Read the text again and entitle it. Then divide the text into logical parts, give titles to all of them thus making a plan.

4. Condense the sentences of the text where possible.

Remember: 1. An abstract is an introduction of a reader into the matter.

2. An abstract is much shorter than a summary.

3. Points in an abstract are more generalized than in a summary.

6. Revise the grammar and lexical material to Units 6 and 7 and translate the following text into Ukrainian without a dictionary:

THE ORIGIN OF COAL

Carbon compounds are very abundant in nature. All organic substances are carbon compounds, and dead animals or plant matter, once exposed to the air, decay very rapidly owing to the oxidation brought about by the agency of bacteria. The gaseous products of this process of decay escape in bacterial decomposition, and become trapped or fixed in rock. Coal and petroleum are supposed to be the result of this failure of nature's cleaning system.

When plant matter from the great prehistoric forests came submerged in swamps and bogs, the supply of air was limited, and complete oxidation was, therefore, impossible.

These beds of dead plant matter gradually became covered with deposits of sand and mud, so that the pressure above them became very great, the beds of plant tissue being pushed deeper into the hotter zones of the Earth's crust. As a result of this terrific compression, water is believed to have been pressed out of the plant remains and the chemical changes taking place resulted in the loss of hydrogen and hydrogen compounds such as methane (marsh gas).

The final result, after thousands of years, was coal: a material containing a high percentage of carbon. Different varieties of coal, dependent on the pressure involved, may be formed. The process of coal formation is generally believed as follows:

plant matter —> peat (29%C) —>lignite (43%C) ->bituminous coal (64%C) -> anthracite (87%C).

The percentages of carbon given above are average values from the analysis of a large number of coals, but the gradual increase in carbon content is clearly shown. If the pressure of the rock has been so great that all the hydrogen has been expelled, graphite is formed. Coal is not found, therefore, in the oldest rocks since the pressures involved would have expelled (видалили б) all hydrogen from the original plant tissue. The theory of the biological origin of coal may be represented by the following diagram:

atmospheric carbon dioxide —> photosynthesis —> sugar —> starch —> cellulose —>(plant tissue) —> wood —> coal.

Thus, the solar energy stored by plants during the process of photosynthesis millions of years ago is liberated as heat energy in the combustion of coal today.

7. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. При нагріванні ця сполука перетвориться в органічну речовину.

2. Після того як сировина була досліджена, учені назвали нові елементи.

3. Довідавшись, що прилад погано працює, вони припинили дослід.

4. Перш ніж розглядати ці теорії, згадаємо деякі питання із загальної хімії.

5. Ви можете допомогти мені сформулювати це правило.

6. Їм вдалося провести дослід.

7. Замість доказу нової теорії вони з'ясовували, хто має рацію.

8. Цей прилад використовують для виміру тиску.

9. Вони не могли не розуміти важливості цього доказу.

10. Варто обговорити результати нашої роботи.

11. У нас є заперечення проти використання етилового спирту.

12. Був вивчений виділений метан.

13. Використавши цю реакцію, ми одержали чотири різних речовини.

14. Реакція йде дуже повільно й вимагає декількох годин кип'ятіння розчину.

15. Після того як речовина була перетворена, виходи (the yields) зросли.

16. Після того як дослід був закінчений, ми почали нове дослідження.

17. Знайшли, що застосування цієї реакції недоцільно (unnecessary).

18. Вони, вочевидь, були першими, запропонувавшими цей механізм реакції (reaction mechanism).

19. Думають, що поглинання (the uptake) кисню є останньою стадією, що визначає швидкість реакції (the rate-determining step).

20. Де Бор (De Boer) визначив (reported), що густота цієї речовини рівняється 2.5.

21. Вчені думають, що відкрили нове з'єднання.

22. Фарр (Farr) думає, що довів своє положення.

23. Було висловлене припущення (to postulate), що поверхня цього каталізатора складається з атомів кобальту (cobalt).

24. Імовірно (безсумнівно), що ця речовина містить домішки (admixtures).

25. Він, звичайно, з'ясує це припущення.

8. Listen to the following dialogue and state what the subject of the conversation is:

1. Scientific observations.

2. The greenhouse effect.

3. The Earth's future.

4. The history of the Earth.

The following notes and wordswill help you to understand the conversation better:

NOTES

1. greenhouse effect— парниковий ефект

2. I'd be glad to— буду рад

3. much discussed— широко обговорюваний

4. gradual wanning— поступове потепління

5. a global heat trap— загальна теплова пастка

6. I should say— я б сказав

7. be blamed for— бути обвинуваченим в

8. a warming trend— тендеция до потепління

9. generally speaking— говорячи в цілому

10. extinction of human life— вимирання людини

11. fossil fuel— природне паливо

WORDS

to argue— доводити, сперечатися to inundate— затопляти

coastal— прибережний to confirm— підтверджувати

to cope with— упоратися з dire— лиховісний

disaster— нещастя doomsayer— провісник

nitric oxide— азотна кислота objective— завдання

policymaker— політичний діяч roughly— грубо

sharp— різкий doomsday— день страшного суду

swallen— зд. переповнені eventually— поступово

to tend— прагнути to face— зустрітися, зштовхнутися

to threaten— загрожувати forecast— пророкування, прогноз

to trigger— запускати to generate— викликати, породжувати

to undertake— уживати huge— величезний

to unfold— розвертати(ся) indefinitely— нескінченно

to warn— попереджати indication— показник; вказівка

to wither— висихати influence— вплив

to worry— турбуватися

MARY: Excuse me, Dr. Rowland...

DR.: Yes?

MARY: I'm Mary Smith, a journalist... writing for Nature. How doyou do?

DR.: How do you do? Can I be of any help?

MARY: You see, I'm writing an article on the greenhouse effect and its influence on our future life. It's commonly known that you are one of the best experts in this field, so you could probably answer some of my questions?

DR.:I'd be glad to. What exactly are you interested in?

MARY: First, I'd like to know if the much discussed greenhouse effect is really the disaster of our time? I mean... if a gradual warming of the Earth really threatens life itself? Or... probably it's a... say... apolitical tool for environmentalist doomsayers?

DR.: Well, for thirty years, scientists have theorized that, as harmful gases accumulate in the atmosphere, the Earth blanket of air will become, if I can put it this way, a global heat trap triggering long-term and possibly cataclysmic changes in climate...

MARY: May I interrupt you for a moment, Dr. Rowland? Has this theory been confirmed?

DR.:I should say that individual studies have tended to confirm it. But there are some scientists who have taken sharp exception to a doomsday scenario. They argue that the theory is being used to generate research funding and top further political objectives of environmental groups.

MARY: Oh, I see what you mean. I attended some meetings in Vienna and Geneva in August and...

DR.: The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases. Right?

MARY: Yes,... and they warned that the question was no longer whether but how policymakers would cope with the warmer world by the first half of the next century.

DR.: I've heard that.

MARY: Dr. Rowland, what I still can't understand is how it all started?

DR.: Well, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution...

MARY.: Oh, the mid-18th century, as far as I know?

DR.: Yes quite true. Since that time roughly 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide have been released into the atmosphere from both industrial and natural processes.

MARY.:What about in our times? Can we be blamed for the situation?

DR.: Sure. Over the past 50 years, other harmful gases - chloroflu-orocarbons (CFCs), nitric oxide and methane have been accumulating in the atmosphere.

MARY: What are we to expect in the near future?

DR.: By the beginning of the new century, we'll probably know with more certainty what we face. What we know now for sure is that the world's oceans and forests normally absorb most of these carbon-based by-products, but geochemists worry that they may be approaching their limit.

MARY: Can we say that if the greenhouse scenario unfolds, the Earth will eventually get dried?

DR.: Right. What's more, rich farmlands will turn into deserts, forests will wither and die. Oceans swallen by the melted polar ice caps will inundate coastal areas...

MARY: So, indications of a warming trend are unmistakable, aren't they?

DR.: Generally speaking, yes, but at present no one can say for certain when the dire effects of global wanning will be felt.

MARY: Dr. Rowland, can you make a forecast?

DR.: As I see it, if you have the greenhouse effect going on indefinitely, then you have a temperature rise that will bring the extinction of human life in 500—1000 years.

MARY: I see, Dr. Rowland. Then the last question. Can any corrective actions be undertaken right now?

DR.: In my view, we should, first, renew the search for safe, clean alternatives to fossil fuels like coal and oil; second, decrease the release of harmful gases from industrial processes and, third, stop clearing the tropical forests that absorb huge amounts of carbon dioxide.

MARY: Thank you, Dr. Rowland, you've helped me a great deal. Now I've got an idea of how to cope with the situation.

DR.: You're welcome.

9. Listen to the conversation again and answer the following questions:

1. Have Mary and Dr. Rowland met before? How do you know?

2. What is Mary interested in?

3. What have scientists theorized about for 30 years?

4. What does a doomsday scenario mean?

5. What is the scientists' argument?

6. When did the first Industrial Revolution take place?

7. What do geochemists worry about?

8. What will happen if the greenhouse scenario unfolds?

9. What is Dr. Rowland's forecast?

10. What are the measures to be undertaken at present to avoid negative effects of global warming?