The Passive Voice

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 412.

Схема образования вопросительного и отрицательного предложения во временах Perfect

The Perfect Tenses (Passive Voice)

Образование:

to have –изменяемая часть (зависит от времени, лица и числа подлежащего).

been + Participle II –неизменяемая часть.

Употребление:

Правила употребления времен Perfect в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) такие же, как и в действительном залоге (Active Voice). Только всегда надо помнить о том, что страдательный залог показывает, что действие производится над подлежащим кем-то или чем-то.

XV. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время. Предложения переведите:

1. The formation of oxide layer which will protect the device against wear has been observed. 2. However, their potential application had been delayed because they didn't provide any protection. 3. A new concept in material science will have been introduced by the beginning of the conference in May. 4. By the end of the 20^th century the Saturn had been explored only through unmanned spacecraft launched by NASA.

The Active Voice:

They have designed a new machine tool.

A new machine tool has been designed by them.

XVI.Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Present Perfect (Active Voice). Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. The complex nature of wear (to have delayed) its investigations and (to have resulted) in isolated studies of specific wear mechanisms or processes. 2. Up to now there (to have been) no specific standard for testing or measuring a materials wear resistance. 3. There (to have been) a number of attempts to describe types of wear according to moving conditions in order to help better understand them. 4. In the types of bearing surface contact we (to have looked at), we (not to have seen) any advantages and in some cases we (to have noticed) negative effect.

XVII. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Past Perfect (Active Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. By 1990s the term “tribology” (to have diffused) into the international engineering field. 2. The space station Mir (to have been) in operation for fifteen years until March 23, 2001. 3. By the 29^th of September, the cosmonauts (to have installed) equipment in the docking system for the “Kvant 2” spacecraft, the first of the 20-ton add-on modules. 4. By the 19th century, such standard machine tools as lathes, shapers, planers, grinders, and milling, drilling, and boring machines (to have reached) a significant degree of accuracy.

XVIII. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Future Perfect (Active Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. The capabilities of a personal computer (to have changed) greatly by 2020s. 2. By next year robots (to have become) a popular tool in increasing interests in computing for high school students. 3. By the end of this decade the wear problems (to have been) a source for discussion and argumentation between researchers around the world. 4. By the moment we start mass production new investigations (to have led) to improved performance, reliability and extended life cycle of the aircraft.

XIX. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Present Perfect (Passive Voice). Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Since the 1980s, surface mount containers for capacitors (to have been used) widely. 2. Computers (to have been used) to coordinate information between different locations since the 1950s. 3. Space exploration (to have been used) as a tool to understand the Earth as a space object. 4. A large number of Earth observation satellites (to have been launched) recently specifically to explore the Earth from space. 5. Some tens of robotic spacecrafts, including orbiters, (to have been launched) toward Mars since the 1960s.

XX. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Past Perfect (Passive Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Seven Salyut space stations (to have been launched) already by 1986. 2. 138 major science investigations (to have been conducted) on the ISS since the launch of Zarya in 1998. 3. By 1995 the Designed Office (to have planned) to begin a major research program to provide wear metal expertise for use in aircraft component failure analysis. 4. Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s they (to have been replaced) largely by transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable.

XXI. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Future Perfect (Passive Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. To resist the wear problem most bearing surfaces (to have been hardened) before the bearing is used. 2. By the end of the year several different mechanisms (to have been offered) to describe the manner in which the material is removed. 3. An electronic circuit (to have been manufactured) in the surface of semiconductor material by the beginning of the year.

XXII. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Залог замените на противоположный:

1. The manufacturers have spent huge sums of money to develop tribotesters. 2. The first two laws of friction had been formulated by Leonardo da Vinci by the end of the 16^th century. 3. The Internet will have accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions. 4. A number of wear tests have been developed by committees in an attempt to standardise wear testing for specific applications. 5. These microscopes have greatly increased the ability of surface scientists to measure the physical structure of many surfaces. 6. Such materials have had limited use due to their inability to protect the metallic surface.

XXIII. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время и залог. Сделайте грамматический разбор и поставьте не менее трех вопросов к каждому предложению:

1. Unconventional machine tools are used to shape the materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology. 2. By the end of testing several different mechanisms will have been recomended to describe the manner in which the material is removed. 3. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons has progressed throughout history. 4. From about 1930 to 1950 more powerful machine tools were built to utilize effectively the greatly improved cutting materials that had become available. 5. Empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since antiquity, scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages and the rapid development of modern science has generally begun since the 17th century.

Альтернативный и разделительный вопросы

1. Альтернативный вопрос– предполагает выбор между двумя или несколькими вариантами ответов.

Are surface engineering knowledge used to minimize orto maximize wear and extend working life of material?

XXIV. К словам, выделенным курсивом, поставьте альтернативные вопросы, используя в качестве альтернативы слова, приведенные в скобках:

1. Boring machines include vertical and horizontal boring mills. (milling machines) 2. The shaper is used mainly to produce flat surfaces. (complex shaped surfaces) 3. In many cutting operations fluids are used to cool and lubricate. (to heat) 4. These machine tools were developed generally to shape the ultrahard alloys used in heavy industry. (soft) 5. The tool may be moved parallel to the direction of rotation. (across) 6. Flat surfaces may be machined with excellent finish and accuracy. (great difficulties)

2. Разделительный вопрос – предполагает утвердительный или отрицательный ответ на высказывание, которое состоит как бы из двух частей. Первая часть это утвердительное или отрицательное предложение, а вторая – краткий общий вопрос. Причем, если предложение утвердительное, то вопрос отрицательный. А если предложение отрицательное, то вопрос в утвердительной форме.

1. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece canbe made very slight, can'tit?

2. Electrochemical machining also uses electrical energy to remove material, doesn'tit?

3. Grinding is the removal of metal by a rotating abrasive wheel, isn't it?

4. Heating does not increase tool life, does it?

5. Chips are not cut when presses shape workpieces, are they?

XXV. Вместо пропусков в конце предложения поставьте разделительный вопрос:

1. Threads and gear teeth can be made by using various cutters, … 2. Electrodischarge machining employs electrical energy, … 3. Presses are equipped with special attachments designed for different forming operations, … 4. Presses are not equipped with mills and cutters, … 5. The shaping is being accomplished in the fast mode, … 6. The planer is not the fastest of the reciprocating machine tools, … 7. A lathe has been used to machine these workpieces, … 8. There are two other tool holding systems for manual machines, …