Part 2. River Profiles
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 411.
Dendritic Drainage Pattern
Dendritic Drainage Pattern of Diamantina River, Queensland, Australia, is typical of river development in areas where the underlying rocks are relatively uniform in their resistance to erosion. This pattern may be modified by continued down-cutting of the river.
Statements:
1. The strongest force of erosion is running water.
2. There is no water in deserts.
3. Running water carry away rock fragments with it.
4. A billion tons of water may be dropped by a single shower.
5. Raindrops in the shower aren't important in erosion.
6. Running water carries its load of rock debris only in suspension.
7. The carrying power of a stream is enormously increased in time of flood.
8. Water passes through a cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
9. The hydrosphere is estimated to include over 400 million cubic miles of water, about 99 percent of which is in the oceans.
10. The velocity of the stream depends on the precipitation level.
11. The gradient of the river never varies.
12. Dendritic Drainage Pattern of Diamantina River, Queensland, Australia, is typical of river development in areas where the underlying rocks are relatively similar in their resistance to erosion.
Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:
Vocabulary:
equilibrium [‚i:kwi'libriəm] – áàëàíñ, ðàâíîâåñèå
volume ['vɔljum] – îáú¸ì, ìàññà, ¸ìêîñòü
graded profile ['greidid 'prəufail] – ñïóñêàþùèéñÿ âíèç âèä ñáîêó
ultimately ['ʌltimitli] – â îñíîâå, â êîðíå, â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷¸òå
ultimate ['ʌltimitli] – îêîí÷àòåëüíûé
depositional [‚depə'zi∫(ə)nəl] – íàíîñíîé, îñàäî÷íûé
downward ['daunwəd] – ñïóñêàþùèéñÿ, íèñõîäÿùèé, âíèç, ïî íèñõîäÿùåé ëèíèè
downcut ['daunkʌt] v. – âðåçàòü(ñÿ)
appreciably [ə'pri:∫iəbli] – îùóòèìî, çàìåòíî, ñóùåñòâåííî
constitute ['kɔnstitju:t] v. – ñîñòàâëÿòü, îñíîâûâàòü
local base levels ['ləuk(ə)l beis 'levl] – ëîêàëüíûé óðîâåíü
label ['leibl] v. – ïðèêðåïëÿòü ÿðëûê, êàòåãîðèçèðîâàòü, îòíîñèòü ê êàêîé-ëèáî êàòåãîðèè
maturity [mə'tjuəriti] – ñïåëîñòü, çðåëîñòü
imply [im'plai] v. – ïðåäïîëàãàòü, íåÿâíî âûðàæàòü, çíà÷èòü, èìåòü ââèäó, íàìåêàòü
misleading [mis'li:diŋ] – ââîäÿùèé â çàáëóæäåíèå
tend [tend] v. – èìåòü òåíäåíöèþ, ñêëîíÿòüñÿ, òÿãîòåòü, èìåòü ñêëîííîñòü
assume [ə'sju:m] v. – ïðèíèìàòü, áðàòü íà ñåáÿ
approach [ə'prəut∫] v. – ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ
upstream ['ʌpstr:m] – â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîì íàïðàâëåíèè
portion ['pɔ:∫(ə)n] – äîçà, ïîðöèÿ, ÷àñòü
waterfall ['wɔ:təfɔ:l] – âîäîïàä
steep-sided valley [sti:p 'saidid 'væli] – äîëèíà ñ êðóòûìè îòêîñàìè (áåðåãàìè, êðàÿìè)
irregular course [i'regjulə kɔ:s] – íåïðàâèëüíîå òå÷åíèå (íàïðàâëåíèå, êóðñ)
tributary ['tribjut(ə)ri] – ïðèòîê (ðåêè)
erosion [i'rəuჳ(ə)n] – ýðîçèÿ, ðàçðóøåíèå, ðàçìûâàíèå
transportation [‚trænspɔ:'tei∫(ə)n] – ïåðåâîçêà, òðàíñïîðòèðîâêà
underlying ['ʌndəlaiiŋ] – îñíîâíîé, ëåæàùèé â îñíîâå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííûé
smooth [smu:ð] – ãëàäêèé, ðîâíûé, ñêîëüçêèé
topography [tɔ'pɔgrəfi] – òîïîãðàôèÿ
feature ['fi:t∫ə] – îñîáåííîñòü, õàðàêòåðíàÿ ÷åðòà, äåòàëü
deposition [‚depə'zi∫(ə)n] – îòëîæåíèå, îñàäîê, îòñòîé
load [ləud] – ãðóç, òÿæåñòü, íîøà
sluggishly ['slʌgi∫li] – ëåíèâî, ìåäëåííî
meandering pattern [mi'ænd(ə)riŋ 'pætən] – èçâèëèñòûé ðèñóíîê/ ìîäåëü/ îáðàçåö
ox-bow lake ['ɔksbəu leik] – âûñîõøàÿ ðåêà, ñòàðèöà
sand bar [‚sænd 'ba:] – ïåñ÷àíàÿ îòìåëü
baseline ['beislain] – èñõîäíàÿ/ áàçèñíàÿ ëèíèÿ
longitudinal profile [‚lɔndჳi'tju:d(ə)nəl 'prəufail] – ïðîäîëüíûé âèä ñáîêó
dolomite ['dɔləmait] – ìèí. äîëîìèò
hint [hint] – íàì¸ê
course [kɔ:s] – òå÷åíèå
Exercise 5. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:
A. Nouns:
1. equilibrium a. place where the waters of the river drop vertically
2. volume b. burden or weight; amount carried
3. maturity c. steadiness or stability
4. load d. the state of being fully developed or ripen
5. water-fall e. stream or river which is flowing into the larger one
6. tributary f. size of the space occupied by something
B. Verbs:
1. to constitute a. to indicate by hinting; suggest; mean
2. to imply b. to form or compose
3. to tend c. to take to be true without proof
4. to assume d. to come nearer
5. to approach e. to mark an object to show its ownership
6. to label f. to go in the direction of; to be inclined
Exercise 6. Read and translate the following expressions:
direction and shape of stream courses; an equilibrium between the slope and volume; erosional and depositional power; seasonal and geologic changes; ultimate base level; certain characteristics; mature or youthful
Exercise 7. Read the text “River Profiles” and find in it the words with the following meanings to fill in the crossword below:
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1. distinct or characteristic stage in development or a chain of events
2. small river
3. soil destruction
4. at the end; having no possibility of further change
5. boundary or edge
6. of the same height as something else
7. ability to do or act; particular form of energy
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