Exercise 4. Read the text about the main periods of the Cold War and match the headings to the correct paragraphs. Then, explain the words in bold.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 458.

	A. Confrontation through détente (1962–1979) B. Containment through the Korean War (1947–1953) C. Crisis and escalation (1953–1962) D. The final years (1985–1991) E. The Second Cold War (1979–1985)
	1. ……. is a period within the Cold War from the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to the Korean War in 1953. The Cold War began almost immediately following World War II and lasted through most of the 20th century. 2. …….a period from the death of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1953 to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. There was a calming of international tensions, the evidence of which can be seen in the signing of the

Austrian State Treaty reuniting Austria, and the Geneva Accordsending fighting in Indochina. However, this "thaw" was only partial with an expensive arms race during the period.

3. ……. refers to the phase within the Cold War that spanned the period between the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October 1962, through the détente period beginning in 1969, to the end of détente in the late 1970s.

The U.S. maintainedits Cold War engagement with the Soviet Union during the period, despite internal preoccupations with the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War antiwar movement.

In 1968, Eastern Bloc member Czechoslovakia attempted reforms and was subsequently invaded by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact members, crushing the reforms. By 1973, the U.S. had withdrawn from the Vietnam War. While Communists gained power in some South East Asian countries, they were divided by the Sino-Soviet Split, with China moving closer to the Western camp, following U.S. President Richard Nixon's visit to China. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Third World was increasingly divided between governments backed by the Soviets (such as Libya and Syria), governments backed by the West (such as Saudi Arabia), and a growing camp of nonaligned nations. The Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc economies continued to stagnate. Worldwide inflation occurred following the 1973 oil crisis.

4. …….refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West. This period began with the invasion of Afghanistan (December 1979), the election of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in (1979), and US President Ronald Reagan (1980). During this time the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis. In response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, US President

Jimmy Carter announced a US boycott of the Summer Olympic Games (1980). In 1984 the SU responded the boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Tensions increased when the US announced they would deploy Pershing II missiles in West Germany, followed by US President Reagan's announcement of the US Strategic Defense Initiative. East and West tensions were further exasperated in 1983 when Ronald Reagan branded the Soviet Union an "Evil empire". This period of the Cold War would continue through US President Reagan's first term (1981-1984), through the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1982, the brief interim period of Soviet leadership consisting of Yuri Andropov (1982-1984), and Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985). This phase in the Cold War concludedwith the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, who brought a commitment to reduce tensions between the East and West.

The Berlin wall

5. ……. began with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of the SU. Gorbachev was a revolutionary leader for the USSR, as he was the first to promoteliberalization of the political landscape (Glasnost) and capitalist elements into the economy (Perestroika). The USSR, facing massive economic difficulties, was also greatly interested in reducing the arms race with the USA. The USSR began to crumble as liberal reforms proved difficult to handle and capitalist changes to the centralized economy were badly transitioned and caused

major problems. After a series of revolutions in Soviet Bloc states, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War