Exercise 3. Read the text “Science and Mathematics” and match sentences to the numbered spaces (1-4) in it. Explain the words in bold.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 515.

A. In biology, genetics was unanimously accepted and significantly developed

B. It was discovered further that two of them, namely electromagnetism and weak interaction, can be mergedin the electroweak interaction, leaving only three different fundamental interactions.

C. On the planets in our Solar System it was found that there is no sentient (or complex animal or plant) life on their surfaces.

D. The age of solar system, including the Earth, was determined and it turned to be much older than what was considered before (more than 4 billion years rather than 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862).

- Advanced by the Turing machine, new fields of mathematics studying computability and computation complexity were developed. - Gödel's incompleteness theorems were formulated and proven. - New areas of physics, like special relativity, general relativity, and quantum

mechanics, were developed during the first half of the century.

- While some pioneering experiments about internal structure of atoms had been made at the end of 19th century, it is only in the 20th century the structure of atoms was clearly understood, followed by discovery of elementary particles.

- It was found that all the known forces can be traced to only four fundamental interactions. 1) ……. Discovery of nuclear reactions, in particular nuclear fusion, finally solved the problem of the source of solar energy. 2) …….

- Radiocarbon dating became a powerful technique to determine the age of prehistoric animals and plants as well as historical objects. No such technique existed in the 19th century. - In astronomy, much better understanding of the evolution of the Universe was achieved, its age was determined; the Big Bang theory was proposed. The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed; planets such as the Pluto were discovered in the 1930s on the edge of the Solar System; although the Pluto has since been declassified as a planet; and re-classified as a dwarf planet. 3) …… . Extrasolar planets were observed for the first time.

- 4) ……. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human GenomeProject (not finished in 20th century) and cloning the first mammal in 1996. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century