For / ever / never / already / yet / just

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 595.

When

¨يمكن استخدام اسم بعد after / before:

● After his father's death, he left the country.

= After his father had died, he left the country.

¨ لاحظ استخدام by the time في الماضي:

By the time + ماضي بسيط ماضي تام

● The phone was ringing but by the time she got indoors, it had stopped.

¨بصفة عامة عندما يكون الفعلان مع when في الماضي البسيط فان الفعل الذي يليها هو الذي حدث أولا:

●When the play ended, the audience went home.

●When he opened the window, the bird flew out.

¨أحيانا تستخدم on بدلا من when ويأتي بعدها الفعل مضافا له : ing

●When she saw the snake, she screamed.

On seeing the snake, she screamed.

Before + ماضي بسيط ماضي تام

● First he passed the test. Then he got the licence.

Before he gotthe licence, he had passed the test.

¨ماضي بسيط منفى + till / until ماضي تام

¨تأتي till/ until في وسط الجملة و قبلها الماضي البسيط (غالبا منفي) و بعدها الماضي التام:

¨Before he left, I had given him permission.

He didn't leave until I had given him permission.

¨After she had typed the letter, she postedit.

She didn't postthe letter until she had typed it.

¨لا يكون الماضي البسيط قبل till/until دائما منفي بل قد تكون الجملة أحيانا مثبتة :

¨He stayed in bed until half past nine.

¨ أحيانا يستخدم الماضي التام بعد because بشرط أن تكون الجملة في الماضي والحدث بعد because هو الذي حدث أولا:

¨Becausehehad beenin prison,employerswereunwilling to offer him a job.

¨ He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.

¨ Leila was late for school because the bus had broken down.

¨He was angry because she had insulted him.

¨يستخدم الماضي التام مع الكلمات الدالة علي المضارع التام إذا كان في الجملة ماضي بسيط:

§ The film has already started. (present perfect)

¨في الجملة السابقة استخدمنا المضارع التام لوجود فعل واحد مع already:

§ The film had already startedwhen I arrived. (past perfect)

¨ ولاحظ الفرق أيضا بين الجملتين الآتيتين:

The man sitting next to me on the plane is nervous. He hasnever flown before.

The man sitting next to me on the plane was nervous. He had never flown before.

More Examples:

§ When I met him, he hadn't finished his homework yet.

§ When I arrived home, my father had just left.

§ It was the best novel I had ever read.

§ The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it yet.

¨ويستخدم الماضي التام أيضا في غير المباشر:

¨She said she had seen the film the night before.

¨وهذه الجملة كانت أصلا ماضي بسيط في المباشر وحولناه إلي الماضي التام في غير المباشر:

¨She said, "I saw the film last night."

¨لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام بعد By then ومعناها قبل ذلك الوقت:

¨He arrived home at 11 o'clock yesterday. By then, the rain had stopped.

¨ويستخدم الماضي التام بعد wish للتعبير عن التمني في الماضي:

¨I wish I had worked harder last year.

¨ويستخدم الماضي التام أيضا بعد if في الحالة الثالثة:

¨If she hadn't called, I wouldn't have known.

¨لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام مع التعبيرات الآتية:

It was only when + ماضي تام that + ماضي بسيط

¨As soon as he had paid his debts, he left the town.

It was only when he had paid his debts that he left the town.

It wasn't until + ماضي تام that + ماضي بسيط

¨She didn't leave until she had got permission

It wasn't until she had got permission that she left.

¨لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام مع:

no sooner than

فاعل + had + hardly + PP when + ماضي بسيط