Unit 15.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 461.

Arrest

Unit 14.

Ex. 178. Look through the text, mark the words and word combinations concerning the actions of the police.

An arrest is the action of the police, or person acting under the color of law, to take a person into custody so that they may be forthcoming to answer for the commission of a crime. In many legal systems, an arrest requires mere verbal information to persons that they are under arrest; the laying of hands or restraints upon the arrested person is usually not required to effect an arrest. Also, there are certain non-criminal arrests that allow for the seizure of representatives not present in the legislative body lacking a quorum, and the forfeiture of property.

For serious crimes, the police typically take suspects to a police station or a jail where they will be incarcerated pending a judicial bail determination or an arraignment. In other instances, the police may issue a notice to appear specifying where a suspect is to appear for his arraignment.

While an arrest will not necessarily lead to a state sanction such as imprisonment, the arrest itself may have serious ramifications, such as a loss of a job due to inability to pay bail, loss of public housing, and social stigma. Such effects are termed the collateral consequences of criminal charges.

Ex. 179. Translate the expressions.

- under the color of law

- to take smb. into custody

- forthcoming

- verbal information

- lay of hands

- commission of a crime

- restraint

- seizure

- forfeiture of property

- arraignment

- ramifications

- to pay bail

- collateral

- pending

Ex. 180. Give the adequate translation of the sentences.

1. The police made several arrests. Opposition leaders were put under house arrest. 2. Bail conditions are one of the police's main weapons against activists in sustained campaigns. 3. He was bailed for trial. 4. The article was devoted to the physical restraint of prisoners. 4. She was arraigned for murder. 5. These changes are bound to have widespread social ramifications. 6. The government denied that there had been any collateral (injury to ordinary people or buildings) damage during the bombing raid. 7. If you cancel your flight, you will forfeit your deposit. 8. She was under the arrest on suspicion of murder. 9. He was remanded in custody, charged with the murder of a policeman. 10. If given bail conditions by the police, you might get them varied by going to see a different custody sergeant at the same station, or by applying to magistrates. 11. The band's forthcoming UK tour is widely covered in the national newspapers. 12. There is no longer any stigma attached to being divorced. 13. He is the prime suspect of the case. 14. Challenging bail conditions with civil disobedience is risky. 15. A mere 2% of their budget has been spent on publicity.

Ex. 181. Find equivalents to the following

Ex. 182. Use the proper prepositions.

An arrest is the action ………….. the police, or person acting …………. the color of law, to take a person ………… custody so that they may be forthcoming to answer …………. the commission of a crime. In many legal systems, an arrest requires mere verbal information to persons that they are …………… arrest. Also, there are certain non-criminal arrests that allow …………. the seizure of representatives not present ………….. the legislative body lacking a quorum, and the forfeiture …………. property.

………….. serious crimes, the police typically take suspects …………. a police station or a jailwhere they will be incarcerated pending a judicial bail determination or an arraignment. In other instances, the police may issue a notice to appear specifying where a suspect is to appear ………… his arraignment.

While an arrest will not necessarily lead …………. a state sanction such as imprisonment, the arrest itself may have serious ramifications, such as a loss ………….. a job due ………… inability to pay bail, loss of public housing, and social stigma.

Ex. 183. Find 10 words from the text and remember the sentences where they were used.

Ex. 184. Look through the text

Citizen's arrest

In the UK, any member of the public has the power to make an arrest.

You can't make an arrest simply because you suspect someone is guilty of a crime, or about to commit an arrestable offence - however dodgy* they may look. It doesn't matter how good your intentions are, if it turns out there was no crime, it could be you who ends up on the wrong side of the law. If the event happens in a public place, you could be sued for defamation**.

If you've made an arrest, make sure the offender knows why. He must then be taken before a Magistrate or a police station, otherwise the arrest won't stand up in court. In practise, make sure you alert a police officer at the earliest opportunity. Later, you'll be required to make a full statement, and possibly also appear as a witness in court. So make sure you stay true to the facts.

dodgy* (от dodge) – мошенническое предприятие; афера

defamation** – диффамация; клевета Syn: slander , calumny

Ex. 185. Think and try to give answer to the following questions. If you can‘t, pay attention to the next instruction.

1. If you witness a bag snatch, are you entitled* to intervene?

2. Your housemate admits that he buried the landlord under the patio. He has a wild look in his eye, and there's blood all over his hands. Should you arrest him?

3. If you suppose it is dangerous to catch someone, should you arrest him or her yourself?

4. Should you have any witnesses of your arresting the offender?

5. Have you any right to be free with your hands**?

*entitle – давать право (to - на что-л.)

** to be free with your hands/fists – давать волю рукам

*to collar – задержать, арестовать

Ex. 186. Choose the proper words and fill the sentences in.

1. Arresting the criminal this person was acting under the color of …………. .

2. After the arrest the swindlers were taken into ……………… .

3. He must be punished for the commission of a ……………… .

4. There are certain non-criminal arrests that allow the ……………. of property.

5. The police typically take ………….. to a police station or a jailforserious crimes.

6. The arrested person will be ……………… pending a judicial bail determination.

7. The police may issue a notice to appear specifying where a suspect is to appear for his ……………… .

8. An arrest will not necessarily lead to a state sanction such as ………………… .

9. If you are not able to pay …………………,you can lose your job.

10. The collateral …………………of criminal chargescan be quite serious, e.g. a loss of a job, loss of public housing, and social stigma.

Ex. 187. Read.

"We have arrested the person who broke into your home."

"Actually, I love patrolling with a special*, they're a valuable part of the service."

"You're right, it is a police matter."

"The thought of getting out of this job early on a medical pension leaves me cold."

*special - человек, отличающийся особыми качествами по сравнению с другими представителями его круга, профессии и т. п.

Ex. 188. Tell what is stated in the sentences. Give the adequate translation of the sentences. Pay attention to the underlined words.

1. You've got the job. The interview will be a mere formality. 2. He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 3. They have made a verbal agreement to sell. 4. The book is completely lacking in originality. 5. Be careful not to damage other people's property. 6. He was sentenced to two years' youth custody. 7. The prisoners are allowed out of their cells for two hours a day. 8. After hours of questioning the suspect confessed. 9. He finally won his freedom after twenty years in jail. 10. Can anyone put up bail for you? 11. Some families go without medical treatment because of their inability to pay. 12. The ultimate sanction will be the closure of the restaurant. 13. The suspect was taken to the nearest police station for questioning. 14. This decision could have serious consequences for the industry. 15. The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding. 16. They were imprisoned for possession of drugs. 17. This condition requires urgent treatment. 18. The judge kicked a juror off the panel for discussing the deliberations with her jailed boyfriend. 19. The two men were charged with burglary and remanded in custody. 20. The price of property has risen enormously. 21. The police collared the culprit as he was leaving the premises.

Ex. 189. Translate the sentences.

1. Дэниел узнала человека, который убил ее жениха, и в августе 1998 года Кеннет Нойи был арестован и доставлен в Англию. 2. Среди взятых под стражу после допросов - гражданин России и украинка, имеющая испанский паспорт. 3. В пятницу американский актер Уэсли Снайпс был отпущен на свободу под залог в миллион долларов, сообщает Associated Press. 4. Эксперты говорят, что последствия Чернобыля не так серьезны. 5. Мужчина, уже отбывающий срок в тюрьме штата Нью-Йорк, был повторно вызван в зал судебных заседаний, где ему предъявили обвинение в убийстве врача. 6. Пожалуйста, не обращайтесь напрямую в офис приема документов AUBG с вопросами по оформлению анкеты и сопутствующей документации. 7. В среду в Бирмингеме полиция арестовала девятерых исламистов, которые собирались похитить и обезглавить английского солдата-мусульманина. 8. Как сообщили РИА Новости, в полиции безопасности Швеции СЕПО (Sapo), россиянину предъявлено обвинение в шпионаже.

Ex. 190. Make up sentences.

Ex. 191. Find the synonyms, remember the sentences where the words were used and try to change them with their equivalents.

Ex. 192. Give the adequate translation of the sentences and compare the meanings of the words with the same ones in the text.

1. This could be given if you are convicted of an offence where an adult committing the same crime could receive at least 14 years in custody. 2. He has been bailed to appear before magistrates in Leicester on 7 December. Blake, who starred in the television series Baretta, remains on bail of $1.5m (£810,000) but must stay at home. 3. A parcel delivery worker has been told to expect to spend the rest of his life in jail for the murder of Leeds teenager Leanne Tiernan. 4. According to Channel 4 News, Mr Kember's suspected captors have been arrested but not charged. 5. Detective Superintendent Chris Gregg, who led the investigation, said officers were now looking at other major crimes Taylor may have committed in the past 20 years. 6. They were warned by Deputy District Attorney Shellie Samuels that there is no DNA evidence, no fingerprints and no eyewitnesses to the crime. 7. The judge will also explain your duties as a juror as well as facts about the law that applies to the case. 8. He has been served with a subpoena ordering him to appear at the tribunal in London on Wednesday. 9. Soldier L is due to give controversial evidence to the tribunal. 10. Lineups*, where the eyewitness picks out a suspect from a group of people in the police station, are often grossly suggestive, and give the false impression that the witness remembered the suspect. 11. The police officer reported that he had made the collar in broad daylight.

* lineup - опознание

Ex. 193. Translate the article.

В тюрьме города Мэрион штата Индиана произошло чрезвычайное происшествие. Власти освободили на 115 лет раньше положенного срока содержащегося здесь опасного преступника. 42-летний Карри О'Брайант был осужден на 115 лет лишения свободы за стрельбу и ранение 5 человек.

Судья Верховного суда города Мэрион Джэйн Магнус-Стинсон признала, что это была ее ошибка. Должностные лица не проверили бумагу, заполненную клерком, в которой вместо колонки "y" (лет) была заполнена колонка "d" (дни). Клерк был уволен после того, как ошибка была обнаружена.

О'Брайант был выпущен на свободу 7 апреля, он провел в тюрьме города Мэрион 313 дней, администрация тюрьмы решила, что просрочила срок задержания (в бумагах стоял срок 115 дней). Ошибка была обнаружена только через 8 дней.

Защита для подачи апелляции обратилась с запросом в суд, где находится их подзащитный. Служащий суда проверил компьютер и обнаружил, что тот уже на свободе. Судья Магнус-Стинсон быстро подписала ордер на повторный арест. Пока поиск преступника не увенчался успехом, сообщает RTV-International со ссылкой на АР.

Ex. 194. Translate the article.

Cross-examination

In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent. It is preceded by direct examination and may be followed by a redirect.

In the United States, the cross-examining attorney is typically not permitted to ask questions which do not pertain to the facts revealed in direct examination. This is called going beyond the scope of the direct examination. Unlike in direct examinations, however, leading questions are typically permitted in a cross-examination, since the witness is presumed to be sympathetic to the opposing side.

Before giving testimony oaths are made by a witness to a court of law. Typically, they include a promise to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, "so help me God." Unless a witness is testifying as an expert witness, testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is generally limited to those opinions or inferences that are rationally based on the perceptions of the witness and are helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony.

Breaking an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth is perjury. In legal cases in the United States, witnesses are given an oath under the penalty of perjury for their tesimony at trial or in a deposition.

When a witness is asked a question, the opposing attorney can raise an objection, which is a legal move to disallow an improper question, preferably before the witness answers, and mentioning one of the standard reasons, including:

- argumentative

- asked and answered

- calls for speculation

- calls for a conclusion

- compound question

- hearsay

- inflammatory

- irrelevant, immaterial, incompetent

- lack of foundation

- leading

- narrative

There may also be an objection to the answer, including:

- non-responsive

Ex. 195. Translate the expressions.

- interrogation

- pertain

- reveal

- scope

- permit

- inference

- perception

- perjury

- deposition

- improper

- objection

- to make a deposition

Ex. 196. Make up sentences.

Ex. 197. Fill in the gaps.

1. Cross-examination is the interrogation of a …………….. called by one's opponent. 2. Cross-examination can be preceded by ………………………… 3. The cross-examining attorney can't ask questions which refer to the ………….. revealed in direct examination. 4. It is permitted to ask …………………………. in a cross-examination. 5. Witness must make an ……………….. before giving testimony. 6. If you are not an expert witness you'll …………………………….in the form of opinion. 7. These opinions or inferences that are rationally based on the ………………….. of the witness. 8………………….. is breaking an oath to tell the truth in court. 9. When a witness is asked a question, the opposing attorney can raise an ………………….. 10. The opposing attorney disallowed an improper question mentioning hearsay.

Ex. 198. Combine the letters into the words covering the text.

Ex. 199. Use the proper prepositions.

Cross-examination is the interrogation ……… a witness called …….. one's opponent. It is preceded ……… direct examination and may be followed by a redirect.

The cross-examining attorney is not permitted to ask questions which do not pertain to the facts revealed ……… direct examination. Leading questions are typically permitted ……… a cross-examination, since the witness is presumed to be sympathetic ……… the opposing side.

……… giving testimony oaths are made by a witness to a court of law.

……… legal cases ……… the United States, witnesses are given an oath ……… the penalty of perjury ……… their tesimony at trial or in a deposition.

When a witness is asked a question, the opposing attorney can raise an objection, which is a legal move to disallow an improper question, preferably ……… the witness answers.

Ex. 200. Find equivalents to the following.

Ex. 201. Translate the text.

Важнейшим способом доказательства достоверности свидетельских показаний в американском уголовном процессе является обеспечение доверия суда присяжных к самому свидетелю. Поэтому при прямом допросе свидетеля в суде сторона, вызвавшая свидетеля, старается подтвердить достоверность его показаний в глазах присяжных заседателей, а противная сторона - принять все меры для дискредитации этого свидетеля или его показаний.

Перекрестный допрос считается основным способом проверки показаний свидетеля. В действительности же, в соответствии с состязательной моделью правосудия, перекрестный допрос служит основным способом дискредитации свидетеля перед присяжными заседателями, что может подорвать доказываемую позицию противоположной стороны.

Существует два вида дискредитации: дискредитация самого свидетеля (т.е. доказывание его некомпетентности) или его показаний (т.е. доказывание недостоверности этих показаний). Цель любой дискредитации - устранить нежелательные для стороны доказательства путем внушения присяжным представления об их ложности.

Ex. 202. Read.

Q: "Doctor, before you performed the autopsy, did you check for a pulse?"
A: "No."
Q: "Did you check for blood pressure?"
A: "No."
Q: "Did you check for breathing?"
A: "No."
Q: "So, then it is possible that the patient was alive when you began the autopsy?"
A: "No."
Q: "How can you be so sure, Doctor?"
A: "Because his brain was sitting on my desk in a jar."
Q: "But could the patient have still been alive nevertheless?"
A: "It is possible that he could have been alive and practicing law somewhere."

Ex. 203. Translate the sentences.

1. He made a deposition that he had witnessed the accident. 2. It's irrelevant to cite such outdated evidence. 3. It took her a mere 20 minutes to dispose of her opponent. 4. He broke down under cross examination (while he was being cross examined) and took part in the assault. 5. We are looking for somebody with direct experience of this type of work. 6. It was a direct challenge to the president's authority. 7. There are fines for exceeding permitted levels of noise pollution. 8. Living conditions are vastly different from those pertaining in their country of origin. 9. Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper. 10. This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation. 11. He confessed after four days under interrogation. 12. Twelve passengers are missing, presumed dead. 13. The government failed to keep its promise of lower taxes. 14. I don't think you are telling me the whole truth about what happened. 15. We were invited to give our opinions about how the work should be done. 16. The clear inference is that the universe is expanding. 17. The amount of money you have to spend will limit your choice. 18. There is no rational explanation for his actions. 19. What are you basing this theory on? 20. Assault carries a maximum penalty of seven years' imprisonment.

Ex. 204. Look through and translate the article. Compare the information about cross-examination with the same procedure in our country.

По окончании прямого допроса обычно проводится перекрестный допрос свидетеля, т.е. допрос, проводимый противной стороной.

Перекрестный допрос является средством проверки доказательств в американском уголовном процессе. Предполагается, что с его помощью суд может установить, является ли показание добросовестным и что в этом добросовестном показании свидетеля является истиной. Он дает возможность обнаружить в показаниях ошибочную информацию и разоблачить ложные показания, даваемые в ходе процесса свидетелем противной стороны. Сторона, ведущая перекрестный допрос, имеет право задавать свидетелю наводящие вопросы, что при прямом допросе не разрешается. Это право основано на порожденном судебной практикой предположении, что лицо, дающее показания, предрасположено в пользу той стороны, которая вызвала его в качестве свидетеля. Предполагается также, что свидетель в своих показаниях будет говорить то, что ему подсказано вызвавшей его стороной, или скрывать какие-либо обстоятельства, что можно выявить с помощью наводящих вопросов.

При допросе важных для рассматриваемого дела свидетелей сторонам предоставляется возможность уточнить интересующие их обстоятельства с помощью повторного прямого и повторного перекрестного допросов.

Ex. 205. Think about words from the text which can make such a ladder.

Ex. 206. Link the definitions.

Ex. 207. Translate the sentences.

1. We were not permitted any contact with each other. 2. She showed great perception in her assessment of the family situation. 3. We're going to base ourselves in Tokyo and make trips from there. 4. Do I have your promise that you won't tell anyone about this? 5. The report reveals (that) the company made a loss of £20 million last year. 6. I've limited myself to 1 000 calories a day to try and lose weight. 7. We're looking for a new house, preferably one near the school. 8. The second goal was disallowed. 9. It would be improper to comment at this stage. 10. He might agree. But then he might have a completely different opinion. 11. The penalty for travelling without a ticket is £200. 12. She stubbornly refuses to admit the truth. 13. The government was accused of having connived with the security forces to permit murder. 14. The plans for the new development have raised angry protests from local residents. 15. It wasn't an easy audience but he raised a laugh with his joke. 16. The law concerning hearsay in civil proceedings was reformed substantially by the Civil Evidence Act 1995 which is "In civil proceedings evidence shall not be excluded on the ground that it is hearsay".

Ex. 208. Fill in the gaps with the English equivalents of the words in brackets.

1. Former U.S. President Bill Clinton was ……………………………… (обвинен в лжесвидетельстве) – and as a result was fined for contempt of court*, and was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 19, 1998.

2. The cross-examining attorney is typically not permitted to ask questions which do not pertain to the facts revealed in ………………………….. (прямом допросе).

3. Witness …………………………. (показания) must be relied on as being truthful.

4. Federal tax law provides criminal……………………(наказание) of up to three years in prison for violation of the tax return perjury statute.

5. All search warrants must be supported by evidence given under (клятвой) or affirmation.

6. …………………….. (Свидетельские показания) is often presumed to be better than circumstantial evidence.

7. In criminal trials, the defendant may always introduce ………………………. (показания в форме мнения) or reputation evidence to prove that they did not commit the crime of which they are accused.

8. We can't make a decision based on …………………(слухах) and guesswork.

*contempt of court - оскорбление суда

Ex. 209. Translate the article.

В среду закончился перекрестный допрос обвинителя Джексона. Подросток закончил давать показания на процессе, проходящем в калифорнийском городе Санта Мария, в ходе которого поп-звезду обвиняют в 10 эпизодах, в том числе в сексуальных домогательствах к несовершеннолетним и удержании людей на своем ранчо помимо их воли.

В ходе перекрестного допроса прокурор Том Снеддон спросил Гэвина, почему в 2003 году он сказал Джеффри Альперту, завучу своей школы, будто певец к нему не приставал. Подросток ответил, что действительно как-то сказал преподавателю, что певец к нему не приставал, но сделал это лишь с тем, чтобы положить конец издевательствам со стороны одноклассников.

Защитник певца Томас Месеро построил свою часть перекрестного допроса на информации о том, что Джексон якобы угощал Гэвина алкоголем и удерживал его и его семью на своем ранчо против их воли.

В частности, адвокат заявил, что подростка видели в “Неверлэнде” нетрезвым в тот момент, когда певца там не было. Он поинтересовался также тем, почему ни один из членов семьи Арвизо никогда не жаловался на то, что их держали на ранчо, хотя такая возможность им представлялась, и не единожды.

В завершение своей части допроса адвокат Месеро спросил Гэвина, обсуждал ли он с кем-нибудь деньги, которые он получит, если Джексона признают виновным.

Основной аргумент адвокатов певца состоит в том, что семья Арвизо придумала обвинения в сексуальных домогательствах с тем, чтобы разбогатеть, и в ходе допросов, которому подверг Месеро истца, последний не раз давал противоречивые показания.

Кроме того, адвокат певца заявил, что Гэвин руководствуется желанием отомстить, поскольку он почувствовал себя брошенным певцом, которого считал вторым отцом и которого называл “папа Майкл”.