Part III

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 412.

In the summer of 1875 a new Middle East crisis burst out. Despite _______ of the European powers Turkey refused to give _______ rights to the Muslim and the Christian population of Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Bosnia and Herzegovina revolts broke out.

Having not achieved concessions through _______, on the 12^th of April 1877 Alexander II published the manifest of war against Turkey. Because of success of Russia, England sent a military squadron to the Sea of Marmara and together with Austria _______ with rupture of diplomatic relations in case Russians captured Constantinople.

On the 19^th of February (3^rd of March) in San-Stephano was signed the peace treaty between Russia and Turkey. Turkey recognized the independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and _______ to Russia Southern Bessarabia and the fortresses of Kare, Ardagan and Batum. In the Balkans appeared the Bulgarian princedom, which meant the _______ of Bulgaria.

Under pressure of England and Austria-Hungary Russia had to place the articles of the agreement to the international discussion. _______ defeat of Russia was promoted by the position of Bismarck, who strived for the rapprochement with Austria-Hungary. On the Berlin congress (June – July 1878), the San-Stephano peace treaty was _______: Turkey took back a part of its territories, including the fortress of Bayazet; the contribution was reduced in 4,5 times, Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, and England received Cyprus.

The Far East policy of Russia was connected with the process of _______ of this territory and development of the Russian-Chinese trade. The Aigun treaty of 1858 and the Pekin treaty of 1860 about differentiation of the lands were added by agreements of the sea and overland trade. There was a problem in the relations with Japan concerning the “unshared” joint possession of Sakhalin. According to the Simod treaty of 1855 Japan actively occupied Sakhalin. On the 25^th of April 1875 in St. Petersburg Russia and Japan signed the treaty of transfer to Japan of the Kurile Islands _______ for the Japanese part of Sakhalin.